{"doi":"10.7554/elife.92964","title":"Avoidance of hydrogen sulfide is modulated by external and internal states in Caenorhabditis elegans","abstract":"Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) acts as an energy source, a toxin, and a gasotransmitter across diverse biological contexts. We use the robust locomotory responses of Caenorhabditis elegans to high levels of H 2 S to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying its acute and adaptive responses. We find that the H 2 S-evoked behavioral response is shaped by multiple environmental factors including oxygen (O 2 ) levels and nutritional state and is modulated by various pathways such as insulin, TGF-β, and HIF-1 signaling, as well as by input from O 2 -sensing neurons. Prolonged exposure to H 2 S activates HIF-1 signaling, leading to the upregulation of stress-responsive genes, including those involved in H 2 S detoxification. This promotes an adaptive state in which locomotory speed is reduced in H 2 S, while responsiveness to other stimuli is preserved. In mutants deficient in HIF-1 signaling, iron storage, and detoxification mechanisms, animals display a robust initial response but rapidly enter a sleep-like behavior characterized by reduced mobility and diminished responsiveness to subsequent sensory stimuli. Furthermore, while acute production of mitochondria-derived reactive O 2 species (ROS) appears to initiate the avoidance response to H 2 S, persistently high ROS promotes an adaptive state, likely by activating various stress-response pathways, without substantially compromising cellular H 2 S detoxification capacity. Taken together, our study provides comprehensive molecular insights into the mechanisms through which C. elegans modulates and adapts its response to H 2 S exposure.","journal":"eLife","year":2023,"id":415419,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9567,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":548343,"name":"Lina Zhao","orcid":"0000-0002-0011-6471","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":362127,"name":"Jing Wang","orcid":"0000-0003-4615-661X","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1193380,"name":"Clementine Deleuze","orcid":"0009-0008-9581-9575","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":893429,"name":"Lars Nilsson","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":754785,"name":"Johan Henriksson","orcid":"0000-0002-7745-2844","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":355580,"name":"Patrick Laurent","orcid":"0000-0001-5360-5597","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":331719,"name":"Changchun Chen","orcid":"0000-0003-2233-8996","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1039194,"name":"Longjun Pu","orcid":"0000-0002-0239-8732","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":87,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:22:12.933438Z","pmid":"41288154","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}