{"doi":"10.7326/m23-2811","title":"Trends in U.S. Medical Cannabis Registrations, Authorizing Clinicians, and Reasons for Use From 2020 to 2022","abstract":"BACKGROUND: As medical cannabis availability increases, up-to-date trends in medical cannabis licensure can inform clinical policy and care. OBJECTIVE: To describe current trends in medical cannabis licensure in the United States. DESIGN: Ecological study with repeated measures. SETTING: Publicly available state registry data from 2020 to 2022. PARTICIPANTS: People with medical cannabis licenses and clinicians authorizing cannabis licenses in the United States. MEASUREMENTS: Total patient volume and prevalence per 10 000 persons in the total population, symptoms or conditions qualifying patients for licensure (that is, patient-reported qualifying conditions), and number of authorizing clinicians. RESULTS: In 2022, of 39 jurisdictions allowing medical cannabis use, 34 reported patient numbers, 19 reported patient-reported qualifying conditions, and 29 reported authorizing clinician numbers. Enrolled patients increased 33.3% from 2020 (3 099 096) to 2022 (4 132 098), with a corresponding 23.0% increase in the population prevalence of patients (175.0 per 10 000 in 2020 to 215.2 per 10 000 in 2022). However, 13 of 15 jurisdictions with nonmedical adult-use laws had decreased enrollment from 2020 to 2022. The proportion of patient-reported qualifying conditions with substantial or conclusive evidence of therapeutic value decreased from 70.4% (2020) to 53.8% (2022). Chronic pain was the most common patient-reported qualifying condition in 2022 (48.4%), followed by anxiety (14.2%) and posttraumatic stress disorder (13.0%). In 2022, the United States had 29 500 authorizing clinicians (7.7 per 1000 patients), 53.5% of whom were physicians. The most common specialties reported were internal or family medicine (63.4%), physical medicine and rehabilitation (9.1%), and anesthesia or pain (7.9%). LIMITATION: Missing data (for example, from California), descriptive analysis, lack of information on individual use patterns, and changing evidence base. CONCLUSION: Enrollment in medical cannabis programs increased overall but generally decreased in jurisdictions with nonmedical adult-use laws. Use for conditions or symptoms without a strong evidence basis continues to increase. Given these trends, more research is needed to better understand the risks and benefits of medical cannabis. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.","journal":"Annals of Internal Medicine","year":2024,"id":419461,"datarank":1.2145269869011917,"base_score":3.713572066704308,"endowment":3.713572066704308,"self_citation_contribution":0.5570358100056463,"citation_network_contribution":0.6574911768955454,"self_endowment_contribution":0.5570358100056463,"citer_contribution":0.6574911768955454,"corpus_percentile":83.08965730641293,"corpus_rank":2187,"citation_count":40,"citer_count":34,"citers_with_citation_signal":21,"citers_with_endowment":21,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.5075,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1208939,"name":"Rachel Sinclair","orcid":"0000-0002-2058-0239","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1208940,"name":"Felicia Gordon","orcid":"0009-0008-8908-7777","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1208941,"name":"Avinash Hosanagar","orcid":"0000-0002-2056-1097","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":356622,"name":"Douglas R. Roehler","orcid":"0000-0003-3646-7174","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1011679,"name":"Tristin Smith","orcid":"0000-0002-0338-5618","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":256259,"name":"Brooke Hoots","orcid":"0000-0002-6738-8703","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":661436,"name":"Kevin F. Boehnke","orcid":"0000-0003-3696-3979","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":27,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:57:14.586331Z","pmid":"38588545","pmcid":"PMC11614148","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}