{"doi":"10.65564/pjim.2b640838cc","title":"Update of the Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Nicotine Dependence","abstract":"This CPG update of year 2022 was intended to address the current issues on the (1) pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions for nicotine dependence, (2) effective intensive interventions in resource-limited settings, (3) nicotine dependence and the use of electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) products, and (4) effective smoking cessation & nicotine dependence strategies in the current COVID-19 pandemic setting. This is intended to supplement the prior CPG in 2017 to further guide specialists and primary care providers in the management of patients with smoking and nicotine dependence problems. Continuous smoking abstinence, which refers to non-use of combustible tobacco product over a period of 6 months, was used as the main outcome measure along with associated adverse events. The “Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE Approach” and the “2018 DOH Manual for Clinical Practice Guideline Development” were used as guides for the entire development process. The approach included (1) identification of critical research questions in PICO format (population, intervention, comparison, and outcome), (2) retrieval, appraisal, and synthesis of evidence, (3) formulation of draft recommendations, (4) formulation of final recommendations using the evidence to decision framework and, (5) planning for dissemination, implementation, impact monitoring, and updating. Recommendations are presented with the certainty of evidence (CoE) (high, moderate, low, very low) and the strength of recommendation (SOR) (strong, weak, none). Evidence with high certainty is well established and will unlikely be changed by new research findings. Strong recommendations are those which are supported by evidence with high certainty or those which the guideline development group believes will clearly benefit or harm the target population. In contrast, a weak recommendation means that the intervention is suggested and shared decision making would be necessary prior to its uptake. The absence of SOR indicates insufficient evidence to recommend for or against a particular intervention. Further clarifications of the recommendations is explained under Consensus Issues.","journal":"Philippine Journal of Internal Medicine","year":2023,"id":415998,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9455,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1198452,"name":"Glynna Ong-Cabrera","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1198453,"name":"Rizalina Racquel H. Gonzalez","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1198454,"name":"Ma. Encarnita B Limpin","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1198455,"name":"Imelda M Mateo","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1198456,"name":"Gregorio C Suarez","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1198457,"name":"Technical Working Group","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1198003,"name":"Raquel Ibáñez","orcid":"0000-0003-3324-8312","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1198451,"name":"Lenora Fernandez","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:22:15.958504Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}