{"doi":"10.64898/2025.12.19.694874","title":"Transcription-dependent phase coexistence of mitochondrial nucleoids and RNA granules","abstract":"The spatiotemporal organization of multiple components within biomolecular condensates helps coordinate gene expression. Mitochondria separate transcription and RNA processing into two distinct condensates: mt-nucleoids and mtRNA granules (MRGs), respectively. However, how mtRNA transcripts are transferred from mt-nucleoids to distant MRGs was unclear. With high-resolution imaging, we examined the steady-state organization of mt-condensates in human cells. We identified a wide distribution of distances between centroids of mt-condensates, from roughly a micron apart to within 100 nm of each other. Live imaging revealed that such organization was dynamic: mt-condensates frequently underwent cycles of mixing and demixing. Indeed, mtRNA transcripts and the mtRNA polymerase co-localized within mixed mt-condensates, while transcription inhibition led to complete dissolution of MRGs, supporting that nascently transcribed mtRNA is a key driver of mt-condensate organization. Together, our results show that active transcription sustains the phase coexistence between mt-nucleoids and MRGs, with implications for transcriptional condensates more broadly.","journal":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","year":2025,"id":559723,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9549,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1459106,"name":"S.C. Penna","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":910116,"name":"Eliza Neal","orcid":"0000-0002-2881-0772","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":635965,"name":"Marina Feric","orcid":"0000-0001-7531-9305","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":570851,"name":"Nidhi Parikh","orcid":"0000-0002-0324-7290","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":61,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:55:39.010633Z","pmid":"41509331","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}