{"doi":"10.64898/2025.12.12.693897","title":"A single-cell cytokine dictionary of human peripheral blood","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Cytokines orchestrate immune responses, yet we still lack a comprehensive understanding of their specific effects across human immune cells due to their pleiotropy, context dependence and extensive functional redundancy. Here, we present a Human Cytokine Dictionary, created from high-resolution single-cell transcriptomes of 9,697,974 human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 12 donors stimulated\n                  <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic>\n                  with 90 different cytokines. We describe donor-specific response variation and uncover robust consensus cytokine signatures across individuals. We then delineate similarities between cytokine response profiles, and derive cytokine-induced immune programs that organize responsive genes into data-driven, biologically interpretable functional modules. By integrating cell type-specific responses with expression of cytokines, we infer higher-order cell-to-cell and cytokine-to-cytokine communication networks exemplified by an IL-32-β-initiated signaling cascade, which rewires myeloid programs by inducing neutrophil-recruiting factors while suppressing Th1-responses and promoting IL-10-family cytokines. Finally, we show how the Human Cytokine Dictionary enables the interpretation of cytokine-driven immune responses in other studies and disease contexts, including systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and non-small cell lung carcinoma. Together, the Human Cytokine Dictionary constitutes the first comprehensive cell type-resolved transcriptional screen of human cytokine responses and provides an essential open-access, easy-to-use community resource with accompanying software package to advance our understanding of cytokine biology in human disease and guide therapeutic discovery.\n                </jats:p>","journal":null,"year":2025,"id":11070,"datarank":0.10397207708399181,"base_score":0.6931471805599453,"endowment":0.6931471805599453,"self_citation_contribution":0.10397207708399181,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.10397207708399181,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":37.91700569568755,"corpus_rank":716,"citation_count":7,"citer_count":6,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9219,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-12-15","fair_score":49.7917,"fair_percentile":77.9023746701847,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":53027,"name":"Sören Becker","orcid":"0000-0001-5318-9730","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":20621,"name":"Larsen Vornholz","orcid":"0000-0002-8054-5603","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":162,"name":"Efthymia Papalexi","orcid":"0000-0001-5898-694X","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":89517,"name":"Joey Pangallo","orcid":"0009-0009-4787-8383","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":22238,"name":"Amir Ali Moinfar","orcid":"0009-0005-4680-2724","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":89518,"name":"Jenni Liu","orcid":"0009-0009-0156-3079","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":89519,"name":"Alyssa La Fleur","orcid":"0000-0002-5906-9841","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":22109,"name":"Maiia Schulman","orcid":"0009-0006-6308-1997","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":89520,"name":"Simone Marrujo","orcid":"0009-0005-8169-5936","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":89521,"name":"Bryan Hariadi","orcid":"0009-0008-3498-3996","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":89522,"name":"Crina Curca","orcid":"0009-0005-7594-2144","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":89523,"name":"Alexa Suyama","orcid":"0000-0002-0571-0808","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":89524,"name":"Maria Nigos","orcid":null,"position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":89525,"name":"Oliver Sanderson","orcid":null,"position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":89526,"name":"Hoai Nguyen","orcid":null,"position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":89527,"name":"Vuong K. Tran","orcid":"0000-0002-2564-0202","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":89528,"name":"Ajay A. Sapre","orcid":"0000-0001-7174-2480","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":89529,"name":"Olivia Kaplan","orcid":null,"position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":89530,"name":"Sarah Schroeder","orcid":null,"position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":89531,"name":"Alec Salvino","orcid":null,"position":20,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":89532,"name":"Guillermo Gallareta-Olivares","orcid":null,"position":21,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":89533,"name":"Ryan Koehler","orcid":"0000-0001-6340-7674","position":22,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":89534,"name":"Gary Geiss","orcid":"0009-0007-6969-1494","position":23,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":19349,"name":"Alexander B. Rosenberg","orcid":"0000-0003-2276-2412","position":24,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":19350,"name":"Charles M. Roco","orcid":"0000-0002-6493-000X","position":25,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":19360,"name":"Georg Seelig","orcid":"0000-0002-3163-8782","position":26,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":42,"name":"Fabian Joachim Theis","orcid":"0000-0002-2419-1943","position":27,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":89535,"name":"Hoai Viet Nguyen","orcid":"0000-0003-0259-4511","position":28,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":89536,"name":"Oren Kaplan","orcid":null,"position":29,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":89516,"name":"Lukas 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