{"doi":"10.5772/intechopen.1008513","title":"Regulation of GnRH Release by Neuroestrogens in Non-human Primates","abstract":"This chapter summarizes recent progress in reproductive neuroendocrinology in rhesus monkeys as a model for humans. First, to characterize properties of primate GnRH neurons, GnRH neurons are isolated from rhesus monkey embryos and cultured, and human GnRH neurons are generated from induced pluripotent human stem cells. Results from cultured GnRH neurons indicate that exposure to estradiol rapidly stimulates firing activity, increases Ca2+ oscillations, synchronization of Ca2+ oscillations among GnRH neurons, and estrogen-induced GnRH release. Second, we describe a series of findings in vivo, showing that neuroestrogens, locally synthesized and released within the hypothalamus, play an important role in reproduction: Blocking neuroestrogens synthesis alters the pulsatility of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) release, and the estradiol-induced GnRH/LH-surge in ovariectomized females. Third, neuroestrogen recapitulates the rapid estrogen action in the brain. Collectively, these findings indicate importance of neuroestrogens in regulation of the HPG-axis.","journal":"IntechOpen eBooks","year":2025,"id":560462,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9589,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":420603,"name":"Ei Terasawa","orcid":"0000-0003-3995-6643","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":520447,"name":"Ryan J. Adam","orcid":"0000-0001-8602-8263","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":45,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:55:42.883572Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}