{"doi":"10.57603/ejt-266","title":"IMMUNOBIOLOGICAL BARRIERS TO PIG ORGAN XENOTRANSPLANTATION","abstract":"In suitable patients with end-stage organ failure, the transplantation of organs from living or deceased human donors offers a much-improved quality and length of life. However, the availability of deceased human donor organs is grossly inadequate. Gene-edited pigs might provide an alternative source of organs for clinical transplantation (xenotransplantation). However, there are major immunobiological barriers to successful pig organ transplantation in human or nonhuman primate recipients. These barriers include antibody binding, activation of complement, the innate cellular response, coagulation dysregulation between pig and primate, and a systemic inflammatory response, in addition to the T cell response. These have steadily been overcome by a combination of (i) genetic engineering of the organ-source pig (aimed mainly at the innate immune response), and (ii) the administration of novel immunosuppressive agents (directed towards the adaptive immune response). The immunological barriers that remain relate to both the innate and adaptive immune responses. Pig kidney transplants have now supported immunosuppressed (anephric) nonhuman primates for periods in excess of a year and pig heart transplants for up to 9 months, although these encouraging results cannot yet be achieved consistently.","journal":"European Journal of Transplantation","year":2023,"id":353085,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":8,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9518,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1099294,"name":"Liaoran Wang","orcid":"0000-0003-1833-9494","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1037323,"name":"Kohei Kinoshita","orcid":"0009-0004-3267-906X","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":672261,"name":"Zahra Habibabady","orcid":"0000-0002-3314-3716","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":364575,"name":"Ivy A. Rosales","orcid":"0000-0003-0621-3202","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1040091,"name":"Takaaki Kobayashi","orcid":"0000-0001-8335-0361","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":272388,"name":"Hidetaka Hara","orcid":"0000-0002-4179-7365","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":681713,"name":"David K.C. Cooper","orcid":"0000-0003-4149-5452","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":117,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:12:58.542950Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}