{"doi":"10.55632/pwvas.v93i1.826","title":"Effects of An Anti-CTLA-4 Antibody Therapy on Metastatic Melanoma","abstract":"CTLA-4 is a co-inhibitory molecule that functions to inhibit T cell functions, essentially acting as a break on the immune system. Antibodies that block the interaction of CTLA-4 with its ligands B7.1 and B7.2 can enhance immune responses, including anti-tumor immunity. These antibodies likewise trigger an expansion of tumor infiltrating Th1-like CD4 T cells. CTLA-4 blockade has demonstrated benefits in overall survival and harm reduction in the treatment of metastatic melanoma, which accounts for 80% of the 66,000 annual skin cancer deaths. More recently, efforts to combine anti-CTLA-4 antibodies with other forms of cancer treatment like radiotherapy and chemotherapy have proven to be successful. This study has focused on the modeling and analysis of the effects of anti-CTLA-4 antibody therapy alone on tumor growth using impulsive differential equations. The Jacobian matrix was constructed, evaluated at a tumor-free equilibrium, and evaluated for stability using experimental data. This project is supported by the NIH Grant P20GM103434 to the West Virginia IDeA Network for Biomedical Research Excellence.","journal":"Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science","year":2021,"id":224800,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9439,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":459721,"name":"Qing Wang","orcid":"0000-0002-3882-6540","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":590757,"name":"Heidi Reichert","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:54:22.889584Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}