{"doi":"10.55092/bm20230006","title":"FRET-based carbazole-fluorescein ionic nanoparticle for use as an effective bioimaging agent","abstract":"Fӧrster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based systems are widely applicable in many areas of interest. In this study, a novel FRET-based ionic material (IM) was synthesized by pairing carbazole imidazolium cation (CI+) with fluorescein anion (Fl2-) through a simple ion-exchange method. The resulting IM ([CI]2[Fl]) was converted into an ionic nanoparticle (INP) in aqueous media for practical use for bioimaging application. The photophysical properties of the parent dyes, [CI]2[Fl], and INP were studied in detail. All FRET parameters were calculated in the synthesized material. [CI]2[Fl] exhibited a significant spectral overlap integral and an ideal theoretical FRET distance. The presence of the FRET mechanism was verified by the observed decrease in donor fluorescence lifetime and a moderate FRET efficiency in [CI]2[Fl]. The INP formed from [CI]2[Fl] was evaluated for use as a fluorescent pH probe and bioimaging agent. FRET efficiency of INP is calculated in a series of pH studies which indicates the highest efficiency at physiological pH. Whereas no FRET phenomenon is observed in highly acidic and basic conditions. The pH-dependent photophysical properties of [CI]2[Fl] are monitored and allow for the potential application as a fluorescent probe for the detection of acidic tissues in biological systems. The FRET-capable INP showed superior bioimaging capability in vitro as compared to the parent dye.","journal":"Biofunctional Materials","year":2023,"id":409739,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9485,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":736687,"name":"H. Krehbiel","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":736057,"name":"Samantha Macchi","orcid":"0000-0002-7546-4200","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":736059,"name":"Mavis Forson","orcid":"0000-0002-3644-2199","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":736058,"name":"Mujeebat Bashiru","orcid":"0000-0002-7947-5361","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":736056,"name":"Thuy Le","orcid":"0000-0002-4220-8032","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1189664,"name":"Caroline Kornelsen","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":736060,"name":"Noureen Siraj","orcid":"0000-0003-4925-0265","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":736686,"name":"Amanda Jalihal","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":26,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:21:27.199694Z","pmid":"38173822","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}