{"doi":"10.5465/amr.1984.4277628","title":"Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers","abstract":"Theorists in various fields have discussed characteristics of top managers. This paper attempts to synthesize these previously fragmented literatures around a more general “upper echelons perspective.” The theory states that organizational outcomes—strategic choices and performance levels—are partially predicted by managerial background characteristics. Propositions and methodological suggestions are included.","journal":"The Academy of Management Review","year":1984,"id":3337,"datarank":1.5610252929669242,"base_score":10.40683528644616,"endowment":10.40683528644616,"self_citation_contribution":1.5610252929669242,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":1.5610252929669242,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":33084,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.0477,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"1984-04-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":35539,"name":"Phyllis A. Mason","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":35538,"name":"Donald C. Hambrick","orcid":"0000-0003-4154-2538","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":69,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-03-01T18:20:47.508186Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}