{"doi":"10.5194/essd-2023-53","title":"HISDAC-ES: Historical Settlement Data Compilation for Spain (1900–2020)","abstract":"Abstract. Multi-temporal measurements quantifying the changes to the Earth’s surface are critical for understanding many natural, anthropogenic, and social processes. Researchers typically use remotely sensed earth observation data to quantify and characterize such changes in land use and land cover (LULC). However, such data sources are limited in their availability prior to the 1980s. While an observational window of 40 to 50 years is sufficient to study most recent LULC changes, processes such as urbanization, land development, and the evolution of urban, and coupled nature-human systems often operate over longer time periods covering several decades or even centuries. Thus, to quantify and better understand such processes, alternative historical-geospatial data sources are required that extend farther back in time. However, such data are rare and processing is labor-intensive, often involving manual work. To overcome the resulting lack in quantitative knowledge of urban systems and the built environment prior to the 1980s, we leverage cadastral data with rich thematic property attribution, such as building usage and construction year. We scraped, harmonized, and processed over 12,000,000 building footprints including construction years to create a multi-faceted series of gridded surfaces, describing the evolution of human settlements in Spain from 1900 to 2020, at 100 m spatial and 5 years temporal resolution. These surfaces include measures of building density, built-up intensity, and built-up land use. We evaluated our data against a variety of data sources including remotely sensed human settlement data and land cover data, model-based historical land use depictions, as well as historical maps and historical aerial imagery, and find high levels of agreement. This new data product, the Historical Settlement Data Compilation for Spain (HISDAC-ES), is publicly available (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.22009643; Uhl et al., 2023a) and represents a rich source for quantitative, long-term analyses of the built environment and related processes over large spatial and temporal extents and at fine resolutions.","journal":null,"year":2023,"id":391691,"datarank":0.3934788316840399,"base_score":1.9459101490553132,"endowment":1.9459101490553132,"self_citation_contribution":0.29188652235829704,"citation_network_contribution":0.10159230932574287,"self_endowment_contribution":0.29188652235829704,"citer_contribution":0.10159230932574287,"corpus_percentile":53.66287615069235,"corpus_rank":5991,"citation_count":6,"citer_count":3,"citers_with_citation_signal":3,"citers_with_endowment":3,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9068,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":72.9167,"fair_percentile":95.2613879547539,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":854515,"name":"Dominic Royé","orcid":"0000-0002-5516-6396","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":810316,"name":"Keith Burghardt","orcid":"0000-0003-1164-9545","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1164465,"name":"José Antonio Aldrey Vázquez","orcid":"0000-0002-2289-8726","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1164466,"name":"Manuel Borobio Sanchiz","orcid":"0000-0002-3128-4152","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":266810,"name":"Stefan Leyk","orcid":"0000-0001-9180-4853","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":266811,"name":"Johannes Uhl","orcid":"0000-0002-4861-5915","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":56,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:18:47.408273Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":83.3333,"fair_a":62.5,"fair_i":80.0,"fair_r":54.1667,"fair_zscore":1.5226,"fair_rationale":{"fair_score":72.92,"has_llm":true,"taxonomy_version":"fair_taxonomy_v5","dimensions":{"F":{"name":"Findable","score":83.33,"criteria":[{"key":"f_dataset_pid","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"10.6084/m9.figshare.22009643","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper gives a DOI for the dataset in the abstract and data availability section.","anchors":["RDA-F1-01D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a persistent identifier' (priorit","RDA-F1-02D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a globally unique identifier'","FsF-F1-02D — F-UJI/FAIRsFAIR: 'Data is assigned a persistent identifier'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_repository_named","label":"Named repository","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"figshare","grounded":true,"rationale":"The dataset is deposited in figshare, a recognised data repository.","anchors":["RDA-F4-01M — FAIR Data Maturity Model: metadata is offered so it can be harvested and indexed (","NIH DMS Policy Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — name the repository where data will be archived","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Long-Term Sustainability', 'Reten"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_data_availability_statement","label":"Data-availability statement","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"All datasets are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.22009643 (Uhl et al., 2023a).","grounded":true,"rationale":"The statement points to a repository record with a DOI, corresponding to Colavizza category 3.","anchors":["Colavizza, Hrynaszkiewicz, Staden, Whitaker & McGillivray (2020), 'The citation advantage of li","Springer Nature research data policy — Data Availability Statements: standard statement templat","RDA-F3-01M — metadata clearly and explicitly includes the identifier of the data it describes"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"f_discovery_metadata","label":"Description of the dataset as an object","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"All raster datasets are available in LZW-compressed GeoTIFF format and have a spatial resolution of 100m × 100m. All raster datasets are available in EPSG:3035 (LAEA, all Spanish territory), EPSG:4083 (REGCAN, Canary Islands), and EPSG:25830 (UTM30N, Iberic peninsula). The raster datasets are organized in subfolders as follows: They are grouped by geographic coverage (all, can, ibe) and reference system (laea, regcan, utm), and by theme (evolution, landuse, physical, temporal). For example, “ibe_utm _temporal” contains the surfaces measuring temporal characteristics of the built environment, covering the Iberic peninsula, referenced to the UTM grid. In total, there are 717 GeoTIFF files. Municipality -level aggregates and uncertainty measures are avail able in CSV format. In addition to that, municipality -level uncertainty metrics are available as GeoPackage (.gpkg) format (EPSG:25830) including municipality boundaries. The CSV files can be joined to the municipality GPKG using the “lau_code” attribute field. The total uncompressed data volume is around 3GB. The data in the repository is partitioned in four ZIP -compressed archives, one for the raster data in each of the three spatial reference systems, and one for the municipality-level aggregates.","grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper contains an itemised inventory of the dataset (files, formats, organization, volume) in the 'Data availability' section. [downgraded to 'partial' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-F2-01M — 'Rich metadata is provided to allow discovery' (priority Essential)","FsF-F2-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes descriptive core elements to support data findability'","FsF-R1-01MD — F-UJI: 'Metadata specifies the content of the data'"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"f_dataset_cited","label":"Dataset formally cited","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"Uhl, J. H., Royé, D., Burghardt, K., Aldrey Vázquez, J. A., Borobio Sanchiz, M., and Leyk, S. (2023a). HISDAC-ES: Historical Settlement Data Compilation for Spain (1900-2020). figshare. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.22009643","grounded":false,"rationale":"The dataset appears as a reference-list entry with a DOI. [downgraded to 'partial' — no verifiable quote from the paper]","anchors":["FORCE11 Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles (2014) — data should be cited as a first-","RDA-F3-01M — metadata clearly and explicitly includes the identifier of the data it describes","FsF-F3-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes the identifier of the data it describes'"],"scored":true,"signal":null}]},"A":{"name":"Accessible","score":62.5,"criteria":[{"key":"a_data_openly_accessible","label":"Access route free of preconditions","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"All datasets are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.22009643 (Uhl et al., 2023a).","grounded":true,"rationale":"The text gives an unconditional access route with no stated precondition.","anchors":["RDA-A1.1-01D — 'Data is accessible through a free access protocol'","FsF-A1-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata contains access level and access conditions of the data'","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Free and Easy Access'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"a_access_conditions_stated","label":"Access level labelled","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"This new data product, the Historical Settlement Data Compilation for Spain (HISDAC-ES), is publicly available","grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper explicitly labels the data as 'publicly available', which is a natural-language synonym for 'open access'. [downgraded to 'partial' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["FsF-A1-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata contains access level and access conditions of the data'","RDA-A1-01M — metadata contains information to enable the user to get access to the data","COAR Controlled Vocabularies — Access Rights v1.0 (open / embargoed / restricted / metadata-onl"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"a_controlled_access_for_sensitive","label":"Gatekeeper for sensitive data","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The data are not sensitive or human-subject; no gatekeeper is mentioned.","anchors":["NIH Genomic Data Sharing Policy (NOT-OD-14-124) — controlled-access via a Data Access Committee","RDA-A1.2-01D — 'Data is accessible through an access protocol that supports authentication and ","NIH DMS Policy Element 5 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Access, Distribution, or Reuse Considerations (conse"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","label":"Availability timing & retention","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No sentence in the paper states when the data become available or how long they persist. [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["NIH DMS Plan Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Data Preservation, Access, and Associated Timelines","NSTC Desirable Characteristics (2022), Organizational Infrastructure: 'Retention Policy'","RDA-A2-01M — 'Metadata is guaranteed to remain available after data is no longer available'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"I":{"name":"Interoperable","score":80.0,"criteria":[{"key":"i_open_nonproprietary_format","label":"Open file format","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"GeoTIFF","grounded":false,"rationale":"The data are released in GeoTIFF format, an open community standard. [downgraded to 'partial' — no verifiable quote from the paper]","anchors":["FsF-R1.3-02D — F-UJI: 'Data is available in a file format recommended by the target research co","RDA-R1.3-02D — data is expressed in a machine-understandable community standard","RDA-I1-01D — data uses a knowledge representation expressed in a standardised format"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"i_community_standard_vocabulary","label":"Community standard / vocabulary","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"INSPIRE-conforming building data","grounded":true,"rationale":"The data comply with the INSPIRE community standard for building data. [majority verdict 'yes' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-R1.3-01M — 'Metadata complies with a community standard' (priority Essential)","RDA-R1.3-01D — 'Data complies with a community standard'","RDA-I2-01M — '(Meta)data use vocabularies that follow FAIR principles'"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"i_qualified_references","label":"Identifiers for the resources the data depend on","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"https://doi.org/10.17026/dans-25g-gez","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper references the HYDE dataset with a DOI in Table 3.","anchors":["RDA-I3-01M — '(meta)data include references to other (meta)data'","RDA-I3-03M — 'metadata includes qualified references to other metadata'","FsF-I3-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes links between the data and its related entities'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"R":{"name":"Reusable","score":54.17,"criteria":[{"key":"r_reuse_license","label":"Reuse licence","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper does not state a licence for the data; the CC BY 4.0 footer applies to the article only.","anchors":["RDA-R1.1-01M — 'Metadata includes information about the licence under which the data can be reu","RDA-R1.1-02M — 'Metadata refers to a standard reuse licence'","RDA-R1.1-03M — 'Metadata refers to a machine-understandable reuse licence'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"r_provenance_methods","label":"Provenance of the data","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"Python 3.8, using libraries such as Numpy, Scipy, GDAL, Geopandas, Matplotlib, PIL, and ESRI ArcPy.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper names specific software versions and libraries used to produce the data. [majority verdict 'yes' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-R1.2-01M — 'Metadata includes provenance information according to community- specific standa","FsF-R1.2-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes provenance information about data creation or generati","W3C PROV-O (W3C Recommendation, 2013) — the entity/activity/agent model of provenance"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"r_documentation_codebook","label":"Documentation / codebook","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"Table 2: Overview of the gridded surfaces of the HISDAC-ES","grounded":true,"rationale":"Variable definitions are provided in Table 2 inside the article, but no documentation object is said to accompany the data. [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-R1-01M — '(Meta)data are richly described with a plurality of accurate and relevant attribu","FsF-R1-01MD — F-UJI: 'Metadata specifies the content of the data'","NIH DMS Policy Element 3 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Standards (documentation and metadata to accompany t"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"r_versioning","label":"Snapshot identified","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"v1","grounded":false,"rationale":"The file names include a version token 'v1'. [downgraded to 'partial' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["DataCite Metadata Schema 4.6 — the 'Version' property","RDA-R1.2-01M — provenance information (which version was used is provenance)","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Provenance', 'Retention Policy'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"x_code_availability","label":"Analysis code available","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"https://github.com/johannesuhl/hisdac-es","grounded":true,"rationale":"The code is given a machine-resolvable GitHub URL. [majority verdict 'yes' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["NIH DMS Policy Element 2 (NOT-OD-21-014) — 'Related Tools, Software and/or Code'","FAIR4RS Principles v1.0 (Chue Hong et al., 2022; RDA/FORCE11/ReSA) — FAIR Principles for Resear","FORCE11 Software Citation Principles (Smith, Katz & Niemeyer, 2016, PeerJ CS 2:e86)"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"x_funding_attribution","label":"Funder and award number","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"1924670 and 2121976","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper includes NSF award numbers attached to the named funder.","anchors":["DataCite Metadata Schema 4.6 — 'FundingReference' property (funderName, funderIdentifier, award","Crossref Funder Registry — canonical funder identifiers for funding metadata","RDA-F2-01M — rich metadata provided to allow discovery (funding is part of the descriptive reco"],"scored":true,"signal":null}]}},"actions":[{"key":"r_reuse_license","dimension":"R","label":"Reuse licence","action":"Attach a standard, machine-readable open licence to the deposit — CC0 or CC BY, which is what Horizon Europe and most funders expect — and print the licence identifier in the paper. 'Free to use' is not a licence: it grants nothing a reuser's institution can rely on.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The paper does not state a licence for the data; the CC BY 4.0 footer applies to the article only.","gain":16.67,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"f_dataset_cited","dimension":"F","label":"Dataset formally cited","action":"Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit. Cite the ecology / environmental repository accession (e.g. from GBIF, PANGAEA or Dryad) in the reference list.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"Uhl, J. H., Royé, D., Burghardt, K., Aldrey Vázquez, J. A., Borobio Sanchiz, M., and Leyk, S. (2023a). HISDAC-ES: Historical Settlement Data Compilation for Spain (1900-2020). figshare. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.22009643","why":"The dataset appears as a reference-list entry with a DOI. [downgraded to 'partial' — no verifiable quote from the paper]","gain":4.17,"priority":"important","scored":true},{"key":"i_open_nonproprietary_format","dimension":"I","label":"Open file format","action":"Release the data in an open, community-standard format (CSV/TSV, JSON, HDF5, NetCDF, FASTQ, VCF, NIfTI…) instead of — or alongside — any proprietary or instrument-native format, and name the format in the paper. A dataset that needs a €2,000 licence to open is not reusable. Prefer open ecology / environmental formats such as CSV or Darwin Core Archive.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"GeoTIFF","why":"The data are released in GeoTIFF format, an open community standard. [downgraded to 'partial' — no verifiable quote from the paper]","gain":4.17,"priority":"important","scored":true},{"key":"r_versioning","dimension":"R","label":"Snapshot identified","action":"Version the deposit and cite the exact version analysed (a version-specific DOI, or an accession with its version suffix). A reader reproducing your work against 'the current release' is reproducing it against a different dataset.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"v1","why":"The file names include a version token 'v1'. [downgraded to 'partial' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":2.08,"priority":"useful","scored":true},{"key":"f_discovery_metadata","dimension":"F","label":"Description of the dataset as an object","action":"Add a 'Data Records' section: itemise every file in the deposit and every variable or sample it holds, with counts and units. Describe the dataset as an object in its own right, not as a by-product of the findings — this is what makes it discoverable to someone who is not looking for your paper.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"All raster datasets are available in LZW-compressed GeoTIFF format and have a spatial resolution of 100m × 100m. All raster datasets are available in EPSG:3035 (LAEA, all Spanish territory), EPSG:4083 (REGCAN, Canary Islands), and EPSG:25830 (UTM30N, Iberic peninsula). The raster datasets are organized in subfolders as follows: They are grouped by geographic coverage (all, can, ibe) and reference system (laea, regcan, utm), and by theme (evolution, landuse, physical, temporal). For example, “ibe_utm _temporal” contains the surfaces measuring temporal characteristics of the built environment, covering the Iberic peninsula, referenced to the UTM grid. In total, there are 717 GeoTIFF files. Municipality -level aggregates and uncertainty measures are avail able in CSV format. In addition to that, municipality -level uncertainty metrics are available as GeoPackage (.gpkg) format (EPSG:25830) including municipality boundaries. The CSV files can be joined to the municipality GPKG using the “lau_code” attribute field. The total uncompressed data volume is around 3GB. The data in the repository is partitioned in four ZIP -compressed archives, one for the raster data in each of the three spatial reference systems, and one for the municipality-level aggregates.","why":"The paper contains an itemised inventory of the dataset (files, formats, organization, volume) in the 'Data availability' section. [downgraded to 'partial' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"essential","scored":false},{"key":"a_access_conditions_stated","dimension":"A","label":"Access level labelled","action":"State the access level in words, using the standard vocabulary: 'These data are open access' / 'These data are controlled access'. A reader — and a harvester — should not have to infer the access level from the presence of a download link.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"This new data product, the Historical Settlement Data Compilation for Spain (HISDAC-ES), is publicly available","why":"The paper explicitly labels the data as 'publicly available', which is a natural-language synonym for 'open access'. [downgraded to 'partial' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"r_documentation_codebook","dimension":"R","label":"Documentation / codebook","action":"Ship a README and a data dictionary IN the deposit — every file, every variable, its units, its allowed values, its missing-value codes. It is the cheapest single thing that makes a dataset usable by someone who was not in the lab, and a table buried in the article does not travel with the data.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"Table 2: Overview of the gridded surfaces of the HISDAC-ES","why":"Variable definitions are provided in Table 2 inside the article, but no documentation object is said to accompany the data. [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"a_controlled_access_for_sensitive","dimension":"A","label":"Gatekeeper for sensitive data","action":"Route sensitive data through an institutional gatekeeper — deposit in a controlled- access repository (dbGaP, EGA) with a Data Access Committee and a published DUA — rather than through the corresponding author's inbox. An author-gated dataset dies with the author's email address, and 'on reasonable request' has been shown repeatedly not to yield data.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The data are not sensitive or human-subject; no gatekeeper is mentioned.","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","dimension":"A","label":"Availability timing & retention","action":"State when the data become available AND how long they will be retained — cite the repository's preservation policy. NIH DMS Element 4 asks for both; most papers give neither.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No sentence in the paper states when the data become available or how long they persist. [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false}],"suggestions":["Attach a standard, machine-readable open licence to the deposit — CC0 or CC BY, which is what Horizon Europe and most funders expect — and print the licence identifier in the paper. 'Free to use' is not a licence: it grants nothing a reuser's institution can rely on.","Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit. Cite the ecology / environmental repository accession (e.g. from GBIF, PANGAEA or Dryad) in the reference list.","Release the data in an open, community-standard format (CSV/TSV, JSON, HDF5, NetCDF, FASTQ, VCF, NIfTI…) instead of — or alongside — any proprietary or instrument-native format, and name the format in the paper. A dataset that needs a €2,000 licence to open is not reusable. Prefer open ecology / environmental formats such as CSV or Darwin Core Archive.","Version the deposit and cite the exact version analysed (a version-specific DOI, or an accession with its version suffix). A reader reproducing your work against 'the current release' is reproducing it against a different dataset.","Add a 'Data Records' section: itemise every file in the deposit and every variable or sample it holds, with counts and units. Describe the dataset as an object in its own right, not as a by-product of the findings — this is what makes it discoverable to someone who is not looking for your paper."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fulltext_source":"unpaywall_pdf"},"fair_model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","fair_agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fair_fulltext_source":"unpaywall_pdf","fair_has_llm":true,"fair_computed_at":"2026-07-20T12:45:43.547947Z","clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}