{"doi":"10.4269/ajtmh.23-0143","title":"Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Duffy-Positive Patients in Rwanda","abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.</jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax</jats:italic> is the second-most common malaria pathogen globally, but is considered very rare in the predominantly Duffy-negative sub-Saharan African population. In 259 malaria patients from highland southern Rwanda, we assessed <jats:italic>Plasmodium</jats:italic> species and Duffy blood group status by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>P. vivax</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Plasmodium malariae</jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Plasmodium ovale</jats:italic> were seen in 90.7%, 8.1%, 11.6%, and 5.0%, respectively. <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax</jats:italic> occurred more frequently as a monoinfection than in combination with <jats:italic>P. falciparum</jats:italic>. All <jats:italic>P. vivax</jats:italic>–infected individuals showed heterozygous Duffy positivity, whereas this was the case for only 3.1% of patients with <jats:italic>P. falciparum</jats:italic> monoinfection and malaria-negative control subjects (<jats:italic>P</jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). Based on PCR diagnosis, <jats:italic>P. vivax</jats:italic> is not rare in southern Rwanda. All episodes of <jats:italic>P. vivax</jats:italic> were observed in heterozygous Duffy-positive patients, whereas elsewhere in Africa, <jats:italic>P. vivax</jats:italic> is also reported in Duffy-negative individuals. Refined mapping of <jats:italic>Plasmodium</jats:italic> species is required to establish control and elimination strategies including all malaria species.</jats:p>","journal":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","year":2023,"id":623120,"datarank":0.24141568686511508,"base_score":1.6094379124341003,"endowment":1.6094379124341003,"self_citation_contribution":0.24141568686511508,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.24141568686511508,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":4,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1610328,"name":"Rafael Oliveira","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1610329,"name":"Clara Bergmann","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1610330,"name":"Felix Habarugira","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1247330,"name":"Costanza Tacoli","orcid":"0000-0002-9052-5681","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1064924,"name":"Julia Jäger","orcid":"0000-0003-4067-5646","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1610331,"name":"Darius Savelsberg","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1610332,"name":"Djibril Mbarushimana","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1610333,"name":"Jules M. Ndoli","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1610334,"name":"Augustin Sendegeya","orcid":null,"position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1610335,"name":"Claude Bayingana","orcid":null,"position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":261688,"name":"Frank P. Mockenhaupt","orcid":"0000-0002-8117-5421","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":433872,"name":"Welmoed van Loon","orcid":"0000-0003-3331-3997","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Duffy-Positive Patients in Rwanda","abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.</jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax</jats:italic> is the second-most common malaria pathogen globally, but is considered very rare in the predominantly Duffy-negative sub-Saharan African population. In 259 malaria patients from highland southern Rwanda, we assessed <jats:italic>Plasmodium</jats:italic> species and Duffy blood group status by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>P. vivax</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Plasmodium malariae</jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Plasmodium ovale</jats:italic> were seen in 90.7%, 8.1%, 11.6%, and 5.0%, respectively. <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax</jats:italic> occurred more frequently as a monoinfection than in combination with <jats:italic>P. falciparum</jats:italic>. All <jats:italic>P. vivax</jats:italic>–infected individuals showed heterozygous Duffy positivity, whereas this was the case for only 3.1% of patients with <jats:italic>P. falciparum</jats:italic> monoinfection and malaria-negative control subjects (<jats:italic>P</jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). Based on PCR diagnosis, <jats:italic>P. vivax</jats:italic> is not rare in southern Rwanda. All episodes of <jats:italic>P. vivax</jats:italic> were observed in heterozygous Duffy-positive patients, whereas elsewhere in Africa, <jats:italic>P. vivax</jats:italic> is also reported in Duffy-negative individuals. Refined mapping of <jats:italic>Plasmodium</jats:italic> species is required to establish control and elimination strategies including all malaria species.</jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":1.6094379124341003,"endowment":1.6094379124341003,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"37549894","pmcid":"PMC10484245","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W4385637618","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":0.9576,"citation_percentile":0.75249108,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2023,"count":1},{"year":2024,"count":1},{"year":2025,"count":1},{"year":2026,"count":1}],"oa_status":"green","license":null,"oa_locations":[{"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10484245/pdf/ajtmh.23-0143.pdf","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10484245/pdf/ajtmh.23-0143.pdf","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/109/3/article-p621.xml","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10484245","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.23-0143","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37549894","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Malaria Research and Control","Mosquito-borne diseases and control","Travel-related health issues","Humans","Malaria, Vivax","Rwanda","Malaria","Plasmodium vivax","Malaria, Falciparum","Plasmodium falciparum","Plasmodium malariae","Duffy Blood-Group System"],"mesh_terms":["Duffy Blood-Group System","Humans","Malaria","Plasmodium falciparum","Plasmodium malariae","Plasmodium vivax","Rwanda","Malaria, Falciparum","Malaria, Vivax"],"keywords":["Plasmodium vivax","Plasmodium ovale","Malaria","Plasmodium falciparum","Biology","Plasmodium (life cycle)","Population","Plasmodium malariae","Virology","Immunology","Apicomplexa","Parasite hosting","Medicine"],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-03T22:27:35.712679Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}