{"doi":"10.4269/ajtmh.2003.69.238","title":"INCREASING PREVALENCE OF WILDTYPES IN THE DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE GENE OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM IN AN AREA WITH HIGH LEVELS OF SULFADOXINE/PYRIMETHAMINE RESISTANCE AFTER INTRODUCTION OF TREATED BED NETS","abstract":"<jats:p>In Magoda and Mpapayu villages in Tanzania, we have previously found comparable high prevalence of <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum</jats:italic> resistance to sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (S/P) <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic> and of mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase (<jats:italic>dhfr</jats:italic>) and dihydropteroate synthetase (<jats:italic>dhps</jats:italic>) genes of <jats:italic>P. falciparum</jats:italic> responsible for resistance to S/P. In December 1998, Magoda received insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), whereas ITNs were introduced in Mpapayu in March 2001. We have studied the effect of ITNs on <jats:italic>P. falciparum</jats:italic> resistance genes by monitoring the prevalence of <jats:italic>dhfr</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>dhps</jats:italic> genotypes in children less than five years old living in the villages from 1998 to 2000. In 2000, after two years of bed net use, the prevalence of wild types in codon 51, 59, and 108 of <jats:italic>dhfr</jats:italic> increased significantly in Magoda compared with previous years. Furthermore, the prevalence of <jats:italic>dhfr</jats:italic> wild types was significantly higher in Magoda than in Mpapayu in 2000. The impact of ITNs on the transmission intensity seems not only to affect the overall malaria morbidity, but may even facilitate restoration of susceptibility to antimalarial drugs.</jats:p>","journal":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","year":2003,"id":672671,"datarank":0.6038027536102726,"base_score":4.02535169073515,"endowment":4.02535169073515,"self_citation_contribution":0.6038027536102726,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.6038027536102726,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":55,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1757524,"name":"MARTHA M. LEMNGE","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1757525,"name":"ANITA M. RØNN","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1757526,"name":"METHOD D. SEGEJA","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1757527,"name":"STEPHEN M. MAGESA","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1757528,"name":"INSAF F. KHALIL","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1757529,"name":"IB C. BYGBJERG","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1757523,"name":"MICHAEL ALIFRANGIS","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"INCREASING PREVALENCE OF WILDTYPES IN THE DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE GENE OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM IN AN AREA WITH HIGH LEVELS OF SULFADOXINE/PYRIMETHAMINE RESISTANCE AFTER INTRODUCTION OF TREATED BED NETS","abstract":"<jats:p>In Magoda and Mpapayu villages in Tanzania, we have previously found comparable high prevalence of <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum</jats:italic> resistance to sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (S/P) <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic> and of mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase (<jats:italic>dhfr</jats:italic>) and dihydropteroate synthetase (<jats:italic>dhps</jats:italic>) genes of <jats:italic>P. falciparum</jats:italic> responsible for resistance to S/P. In December 1998, Magoda received insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), whereas ITNs were introduced in Mpapayu in March 2001. We have studied the effect of ITNs on <jats:italic>P. falciparum</jats:italic> resistance genes by monitoring the prevalence of <jats:italic>dhfr</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>dhps</jats:italic> genotypes in children less than five years old living in the villages from 1998 to 2000. In 2000, after two years of bed net use, the prevalence of wild types in codon 51, 59, and 108 of <jats:italic>dhfr</jats:italic> increased significantly in Magoda compared with previous years. Furthermore, the prevalence of <jats:italic>dhfr</jats:italic> wild types was significantly higher in Magoda than in Mpapayu in 2000. The impact of ITNs on the transmission intensity seems not only to affect the overall malaria morbidity, but may even facilitate restoration of susceptibility to antimalarial drugs.</jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":4.02535169073515,"endowment":4.02535169073515,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"14628937","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2141986495","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":3.0494,"citation_percentile":0.90888029,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2012,"count":3},{"year":2013,"count":3},{"year":2014,"count":3},{"year":2015,"count":4},{"year":2016,"count":2},{"year":2017,"count":2},{"year":2018,"count":1},{"year":2020,"count":1},{"year":2023,"count":3},{"year":2024,"count":3}],"oa_status":"bronze","license":null,"oa_locations":[{"url":"http://www.ajtmh.org/deliver/fulltext/14761645/69/3/0690238.pdf?itemId=%2Fcontent%2Fjournals%2F10.4269%2Fajtmh.2003.69.238&mimeType=pdf&containerItemId=content/journals/14761645","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"http://www.ajtmh.org/deliver/fulltext/14761645/69/3/0690238.pdf?itemId=%2Fcontent%2Fjournals%2F10.4269%2Fajtmh.2003.69.238&mimeType=pdf&containerItemId=content/journals/14761645","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/69/3/article-p238.xml","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.ajtmh.org/downloadpdf/journals/tpmd/69/3/article-p238.xml","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2003.69.238","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14628937","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.334.6957","host_type":""}],"fields_of_study":["Malaria Research and Control","Mosquito-borne diseases and control","Trypanosoma species research and implications"],"mesh_terms":["Animals","Antimalarials","Bedding and Linens","Child, Preschool","Dihydropteroate Synthase","Drug Combinations","Drug Resistance","Female","Folic Acid Antagonists","Genotype","Humans","Infant","Insecticides","Male","Mosquito Control","Culicidae","Mutation","Plants","Plasmodium falciparum","Pyrimethamine","Sulfadoxine","Tanzania","Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase","Prevalence","DNA, Protozoan","Polymerase Chain Reaction","Malaria, Falciparum","DNA Primers"],"keywords":["DHPS","Dihydrofolate reductase","Sulfadoxine","Plasmodium falciparum","Dihydropteroate synthase","Malaria","Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine","Pyrimethamine","Tanzania","Biology","Drug resistance","Virology","Immunology","Microbiology","Gene","Genetics","Geography"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Good health and well-being"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-16T10:16:54.413659Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}