{"doi":"10.4269/ajtmh.20-1657","title":"Association of Sickle Cell Trait with Risk and Mortality of COVID-19: Results from the United Kingdom Biobank","abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.</jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Sickle cell trait (SCT) carriers inherit one copy of the Glu6Val mutation in the hemoglobin gene and is particularly common in Black individuals (5–10%). Considering the roles of hemoglobin in immune responses and the higher risk for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) among Black individuals, we tested whether Black SCT carriers were at increased risk for COVID-19 infection and mortality according to the United Kingdom Biobank. Among Black individuals who were tested for COVID-19, we found similar infection rates among SCT carriers (14/72; 19.7%) and noncarriers (167/791; 21.1%), but higher COVID-19 mortality rates among SCT carriers (4/14; 28.6%) than among noncarriers (21/167; 12.6%) (odds ratio [OR], 3.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69–11.82;\n                    <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>\n                    = 0.12). Notably, SCT carriers with preexisting diabetes had significantly higher COVID-19 mortality (4/4; 100%) than those without diabetes (0/10; 0%; (OR, 90.71; 95% CI, 5.66–infinite;\n                    <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0005). These findings suggest that Black SCT carriers with preexisting diabetes are at disproportionally higher risk for COVID-19 mortality. Confirmation by larger studies is warranted.\n                  </jats:p>","journal":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","year":2021,"id":689390,"datarank":0.3958585994422889,"base_score":2.639057329615259,"endowment":2.639057329615259,"self_citation_contribution":0.3958585994422889,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.3958585994422889,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":13,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1801011,"name":"Joseph Hulsizer","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1251947,"name":"Zhuqing Shi","orcid":"0000-0001-6321-950X","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":317079,"name":"Jun Wei","orcid":"0000-0003-1605-3636","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1374203,"name":"Chi-Hsiung Wang","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1801012,"name":"Rong Na","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":24354,"name":"S. Lilly Zheng","orcid":"0009-0005-3514-2468","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1801013,"name":"Clay Struve","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":533491,"name":"Brian T. Helfand","orcid":"0000-0002-7707-3318","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1801014,"name":"Janardan Khandekar","orcid":null,"position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1801015,"name":"Liana Billings","orcid":null,"position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":245818,"name":"Michael S. Caplan","orcid":"0000-0003-3498-3503","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":604734,"name":"Jianfeng Xu","orcid":"0000-0002-9419-6627","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1801010,"name":"W. Kyle Resurreccion","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Association of Sickle Cell Trait with Risk and Mortality of COVID-19: Results from the United Kingdom Biobank","abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.</jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Sickle cell trait (SCT) carriers inherit one copy of the Glu6Val mutation in the hemoglobin gene and is particularly common in Black individuals (5–10%). Considering the roles of hemoglobin in immune responses and the higher risk for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) among Black individuals, we tested whether Black SCT carriers were at increased risk for COVID-19 infection and mortality according to the United Kingdom Biobank. Among Black individuals who were tested for COVID-19, we found similar infection rates among SCT carriers (14/72; 19.7%) and noncarriers (167/791; 21.1%), but higher COVID-19 mortality rates among SCT carriers (4/14; 28.6%) than among noncarriers (21/167; 12.6%) (odds ratio [OR], 3.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69–11.82;\n                    <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>\n                    = 0.12). Notably, SCT carriers with preexisting diabetes had significantly higher COVID-19 mortality (4/4; 100%) than those without diabetes (0/10; 0%; (OR, 90.71; 95% CI, 5.66–infinite;\n                    <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0005). These findings suggest that Black SCT carriers with preexisting diabetes are at disproportionally higher risk for COVID-19 mortality. Confirmation by larger studies is warranted.\n                  </jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":2.639057329615259,"endowment":2.639057329615259,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"34129519","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W3172089027","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":1.5128,"citation_percentile":0.82950982,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2021,"count":3},{"year":2023,"count":5},{"year":2024,"count":5}],"oa_status":"hybrid","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.ajtmh.org/downloadpdf/view/journals/tpmd/105/2/article-p368.pdf","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://www.ajtmh.org/downloadpdf/view/journals/tpmd/105/2/article-p368.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/105/2/article-p368.xml","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.ajtmh.org/downloadpdf/journals/tpmd/105/2/article-p368.xml","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1657","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34129519","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC8437181","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8437181","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Hemoglobinopathies and Related Disorders","Iron Metabolism and Disorders","Epigenetics and DNA Methylation","Adult","Aged","Biological Specimen Banks","Black People","COVID-19","Diabetes Complications","Female","Humans","Male","Middle Aged","Odds Ratio","Population","Preexisting Condition Coverage","Risk Factors","Sickle Cell Trait","United Kingdom"],"mesh_terms":["COVID-19","Adult","Aged","Female","United Kingdom","Humans","Male","Middle Aged","Population","Risk Factors","Sickle Cell Trait","Odds Ratio","Biological Specimen Banks","Black People","Diabetes Complications","Preexisting Condition Coverage"],"keywords":["Odds ratio","Medicine","Sickle cell trait","Biobank","Diabetes mellitus","Confidence interval","Internal medicine","Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","Disease","Biology","Genetics","Endocrinology","Infectious disease (medical specialty)"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Good health and well-being"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-21T07:40:09.209708Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}