{"doi":"10.4081/aamr.2025.509","title":"Adverse effect profile of COVID-19 vaccine in Northern Nigeria: a prospective observational study","abstract":"In March 2021, the Nigerian Government approved Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, including CHAd0x1 nCov-19, Ad26.Cov2.S, mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2. Many, including healthcare workers, expressed hesitancy due to potential adverse effects. We conducted an observational study to assess the adverse effects of post-vaccination. We followed vaccinated and unvaccinated cohorts daily for 7 days and then weekly for 3 weeks. We compared adverse effects between groups. Vaccinated participants were 21 times more likely to experience an adverse effect (Relative Risk, RR=21.30; 95% Confidence Interval, 95%CI=8.107-56.012) and 4 times more likely to experience systemic adverse effects (RR=3.97; 95%CI=1.70-9.27) when compared to unvaccinated participants. Female participants were significantly associated with the development of both local and systemic adverse effects, X2=77.9% (p≤0.001) and X2=47.1% (p=0.0037), respectively. Up to 81.6% of second-dose vaccine recipients compared to 68.4% of first-dose vaccine recipients developed at least one adverse effect, X2=5.25 (p=0.071). None of the vaccinated participants developed severe adverse effects during the study period. Adverse effects from COVID-19 vaccination are common, but generally safe and tolerable. Females play a significant role in reporting adverse effects. Both systemic and local adverse effects are expected to resolve within a few days post-vaccination.","journal":"Annals of African Medical Research","year":2025,"id":562210,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9618,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1464918,"name":"Jacob Amos Dunga","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1464586,"name":"Roland I. Stephen","orcid":"0000-0002-8233-7592","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1464587,"name":"Joseph Dika","orcid":"0000-0003-0260-8522","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1464588,"name":"A Mohammad","orcid":"0009-0006-1949-2756","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1464919,"name":"Tonde Gargah Elijah","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1464589,"name":"Zira Vandi","orcid":"0000-0003-2380-0679","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1464920,"name":"Kajo Jesse Onesimus","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":798958,"name":"Nathan Y. Shehu","orcid":"0000-0001-8802-4928","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1464585,"name":"Sati Klein Awang","orcid":"0000-0002-9344-0261","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":24,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:56:05.550545Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}