{"doi":"10.36227/techrxiv.19322336","title":"Integrated Hybrid Sub-Aperture Beamforming and Time-Division Multiplexing for Massive Readout in Ultrasound Imaging","abstract":"This paper demonstrates hybrid sub-aperture beamforming (SAB) with time-division multiplexing (TDM) for massive interconnect reduction in ultrasound imaging systems. A single-chip front-end system prototype has been fabricated in 180-nm HV BCD technology that combines 5×1 SAB with 8×1 TDM to efficiently reduce the number of receive signal interconnect by a factor of 40. The system includes on-chip high voltage (HV) pulsers capable of generating unipolar pulses up to 70 V in transmit (TX) mode. The receiver (RX) chain consists of a T/R switch, a variable-gain low-noise amplifier (VG-LNA) with 4-step gain control (15-32 dB) for time-gain compensation followed by a programmable switched-capacitor analog delay-and-sum beamformer. The proof-of-concept prototype operates at 200-MHz clock frequency and the SAB provides 32-step fine delays with a maximum delay of 310 ns corresponding to better than λ/20 delay quantization at 5 MHz. With these specifications the SAB is capable of beam steering from 0° to 45° for a 5-element subarray with 150-micron pitch (λ/2), providing a near ideal phased array imaging performance. The sub-aperture beamformer is followed by the TDM system where each of the 8 channels is sampled at a rate of 25 MS/s after an antialiasing bandpass filter. Full functionality of the prototype chip is validated through electrical and acoustic measurements on a 1-D capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array designed for intracardiac echocardiography (ICE).","journal":null,"year":2022,"id":302977,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9581,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":947946,"name":"Gwangrok Jung","orcid":"0000-0001-8117-7657","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":944504,"name":"Coşkun Tekeş","orcid":"0000-0002-2357-4424","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":418355,"name":"F. Levent Degertekin","orcid":"0000-0001-9198-8525","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":944503,"name":"Ahmad Rezvanitabar","orcid":"0000-0002-0233-8238","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":20,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:32:20.348385Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}