{"doi":"10.3390/vaccines13060600","title":"Orally Dissolving Film-Based Influenza Vaccines Confer Superior Protection Compared to the Oral Administration of Inactivated Influenza Virus","abstract":"Background: Self-administered orally dissolving films (ODFs) encapsulating inactivated influenza vaccines represent an effective strategy for stimulating mucosal immunity. While this vaccination method offers several advantages over conventional influenza vaccines, a comparative efficacy study remains lacking. Methods: Female BALB/c mice were immunized with inactivated A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) either via orogastric inoculation or through the oral mucosal delivery using pullulan and trehalose-based ODF vaccines. Each group received equivalent antigen doses across three immunizations. Humoral responses and antibody functionality were assessed using sera collected post-immunization. After lethal viral challenge, other immunological and virological parameters were determined in corresponding tissues. Body weight and survival were monitored over a 14-day period after challenge. Results: ODF vaccination elicited significantly higher virus-specific IgA levels, HAI titers, and neutralizing antibody activity than oral gavage. After the viral challenge, ODF-immunized mice exhibited stronger IgG and IgA responses in respiratory tissues, increased antibody-secreting cells in lungs and spleen, and elevated germinal center B cells and CD8+ T cell responses. Both vaccination methods reduced lung pro-inflammatory cytokines and provided full protection against lethal challenge; however, the ODF group showed lower cytokine levels, better weight maintenance, and reduced viral loads. Conclusions: ODF vaccination elicits more robust systemic and mucosal immune responses than oral vaccination and may serve as a promising alternative method of influenza vaccine delivery.","journal":"Vaccines","year":2025,"id":553018,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9618,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":645904,"name":"Jie Mao","orcid":"0009-0009-6428-7788","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1449754,"name":"Gi-Deok Eom","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1242716,"name":"Su In Heo","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1449755,"name":"Ki Back Chu","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1449334,"name":"Mi Suk Lee","orcid":"0000-0001-8951-5032","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1449335,"name":"Fu‐Shi Quan","orcid":"0000-0003-0419-9339","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1449333,"name":"Keon-Woong Yoon","orcid":"0009-0003-4758-3506","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":32,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:54:37.527189Z","pmid":"40573931","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}