{"doi":"10.3390/vaccines13050520","title":"Differences in Mpox and Vaccinia Immunity Induced by Non-Replicating and Replicating Vaccinia-Based Vaccines","abstract":"Background: The recent global outbreak with clade IIb and the concurrent emergence of clade I mpox virus in Africa show that mpox is a challenging problem. MVA-BN induces low-level mpox-neutralizing antibody responses that wane rapidly. This study was conducted to compare the mpox immunity induced by a replication-competent smallpox vaccine and non-replicating MVA-BN. Methods: Stored sera (n = 302) and PBMCs (n = 244) collected pre-vaccination and at five post-vaccination time points in MVA-BN and six post-vaccination time points in Dryvax clinical trials were used. Antibody titers that neutralized at least 50% of mpox in cell culture were determined by the focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT) 50, and the mpox-specific T cell responses were measured using an IFN-γ ELISPOT assay. Results: The peak geometric fold rise (95% CI) (i.e., the maximum GMFR across all study visits) in the mpox FRNT50 for subcutaneous (SC) MVA-BN, intradermal (ID) MVA-BN, and Dryvax was 22.1 (8.3, 59.1), 18.5 (8.0, 43.1), and 245.8 (100.4, 601.6), respectively. The GMFR at day 180 post-vaccination for MVA-BN (SC), MVA-BN (ID), and Dryvax was 2.4, 2.7, and 64, respectively. The mean (95% CI) peak number of mpox-specific IFN-γ-producing SFCs was 127 (43.1, 238.3), 87.3 (46, 137), and 61.2 (44.3, 77.7) for MVA-BN (SC), MVA-BN (ID), and Dryvax, respectively. On day 180, the mean SFCs in the three groups decreased to 10.8 (−34.4, 3.8), 3.3 (−6.2, 18.6), and 2.2 (−9, 12.5), respectively. Conclusions: The peak mpox-neutralizing antibody titer was >10-fold lower in MVA-BN recipients compared to those who received a replication-competent smallpox vaccine, and the level at day 180 was >20 times lower in MVA-BN recipients. MVA-BN induced similar or higher T cell responses.","journal":"Vaccines","year":2025,"id":552777,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9374,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":767459,"name":"Krystal A. Meza","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1449546,"name":"Yinyi Yu","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1108080,"name":"Chase G. Colbert","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1245377,"name":"Anna Jaunarajs","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1004811,"name":"Azra Blazevic","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":251513,"name":"Daniel F. Hoft","orcid":"0000-0002-8921-4093","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":332257,"name":"Sharon E. Frey","orcid":"0009-0008-6313-4053","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":332248,"name":"Getahun Abate","orcid":"0000-0002-7825-2422","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":34,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:54:37.527189Z","pmid":"40432129","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}