{"doi":"10.3390/v8060166","title":"Alphavirus Infection: Host Cell Shut-Off and Inhibition of Antiviral Responses","abstract":"<jats:p>Alphaviruses cause debilitating disease in humans and animals and are transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods, typically mosquitoes. With a traditional focus on two models, Sindbis virus and Semliki Forest virus, alphavirus research has significantly intensified in the last decade partly due to the re-emergence and dramatic expansion of chikungunya virus in Asia, Europe, and the Americas. As a consequence, alphavirus–host interactions are now understood in much more molecular detail, and important novel mechanisms have been elucidated. It has become clear that alphaviruses not only cause a general host shut-off in infected vertebrate cells, but also specifically suppress different host antiviral pathways using their viral nonstructural proteins, nsP2 and nsP3. Here we review the current state of the art of alphavirus host cell shut-off of viral transcription and translation, and describe recent insights in viral subversion of interferon induction and signaling, the unfolded protein response, and stress granule assembly.</jats:p>","journal":"Viruses","year":2016,"id":18333,"datarank":4.2153981010736015,"base_score":5.049856007249537,"endowment":5.049856007249537,"self_citation_contribution":0.7574784010874307,"citation_network_contribution":3.4579196999861703,"self_endowment_contribution":0.7574784010874307,"citer_contribution":3.4579196999861703,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":155,"citer_count":150,"citers_with_citation_signal":123,"citers_with_endowment":123,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":127810,"name":"Gorben Pijlman","orcid":"0000-0001-9301-0408","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":127809,"name":"Jelke Fros","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":5.049856007249537,"endowment":5.049856007249537,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"27294951","pmcid":"PMC4926186","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2416567081","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"European Commission","grant_id":"261466","title":"Vector-borne Risks for Europe: Risk assessment and control of West Nile and Chikungunya virus (VECTORIE)"}],"total_grants":1,"fwci":12.6466,"citation_percentile":0.98876651,"influential_citations":4,"citation_trend":[{"year":2016,"count":1},{"year":2017,"count":12},{"year":2018,"count":15},{"year":2019,"count":13},{"year":2020,"count":16},{"year":2021,"count":28},{"year":2022,"count":11},{"year":2023,"count":14},{"year":2024,"count":14},{"year":2025,"count":23},{"year":2026,"count":8}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/8/6/166/pdf?version=1465630213","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/8/6/166/pdf?version=1465630213","host_type":"GOLD"},{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/8/6/166/pdf?version=1465630213","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/8/6/166/pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v8060166","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27294951","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://doaj.org/article/f8ae777f432c482a929390c45bc1e8ac","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4926186","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v8060166","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3785d5ad-dff5-45f8-8071-a692ea990ee9","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/alphavirus-infection-host-cell-shut-off-and-inhibition-of-antivir","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4926186","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4926186?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v8060166","host_type":""}],"fields_of_study":["Mosquito-borne diseases and control","Viral Infections and Vectors","Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research","Biology","Medicine","0301 basic medicine","03 medical and health sciences","0303 health sciences","Alphavirus","Alphavirus Infections","Animals","Host-Pathogen Interactions","Humans","Immune Evasion","Immunity, Innate","Viral Nonstructural Proteins","Virulence Factors"],"mesh_terms":["Alphavirus","Animals","Humans","Immunity, Innate","Viral Nonstructural Proteins","Alphavirus Infections","Virulence Factors","Host-Pathogen Interactions","Immune Evasion"],"keywords":["Alphavirus","Alphavirus infection","Sindbis virus","Semliki Forest virus","Biology","Virology","Chikungunya","Interferon","Virus","Togaviridae","Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus","RNA","Genetics","Gene","Transcription","Translation","Unfolded protein response","Sindbis","Stress Granules","Antiviral Response","Semliki Forest","Host Shut-off","Virulence Factors","Review","Viral Nonstructural Proteins","Microbiology","Animals","Humans","Immune Evasion","Alphavirus Infections","QR1-502","Immunity, Innate","Host-Pathogen Interactions"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":3,"sdg_label":"3. 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