{"doi":"10.3390/v17050640","title":"Individuals Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Prior to COVID-19 Vaccination Maintain Vaccine-Induced RBD-Specific Antibody Levels and Viral Neutralization Activity for One Year","abstract":"The effectiveness of multiple COVID-19 vaccinations in individuals with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection remains unclear; specifically, elucidation of the durability of anti-viral antibody responses could provide important insights for epidemiological applications. We utilized the BU ELISA protocol to measure the circulating SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) and nucleocapsid (N) specific IgG and IgA antibody levels in a cohort of individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the spring of 2020, with the sample collection spanning six months to two years post-symptom onset. Further, we interrogated the neutralization activity of these samples against the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 (WA-1) and Delta and Omicron (BA.1) variants. Consistent with previous studies, we found a more rapid waning of anti-N compared to anti-RBD antibodies in months prior to the first vaccinations. Vaccine-induced antibody responses in individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 were elevated and sustained for more than one year post-vaccination. Similarly, neutralization activity against WA-1, Delta, and Omicron increased and remained higher than pre-vaccination levels for one year after the first COVID-19 vaccine dose. Collectively, these results indicate that infection followed by vaccination yields robust antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 that endure for one year. These results suggest that an annual booster would stably boost anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses, preventing infection and disease.","journal":"Viruses","year":2025,"id":552612,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9574,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":471417,"name":"Devin Kenney","orcid":"0000-0002-8758-1930","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":394795,"name":"Christina Ennis","orcid":"0000-0003-0316-4003","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1275098,"name":"Erika L. Smith-Mahoney","orcid":"0000-0001-5104-8483","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1448631,"name":"Maria Jose Ayuso","orcid":"0000-0002-8091-6638","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1448984,"name":"Jiabao Zhong","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":642525,"name":"Florian Douam","orcid":"0000-0002-4791-6767","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":231606,"name":"Manish Sagar","orcid":"0000-0001-9803-6594","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":110434,"name":"Jennifer Snyder‐Cappione","orcid":"0000-0002-0941-5582","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1448630,"name":"Christina McConney","orcid":"0000-0001-5114-6112","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":70,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:54:33.203144Z","pmid":"40431652","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}