{"doi":"10.3390/v16040583","title":"The Inhibition of Gag-Pol Expression by the Restriction Factor Shiftless Is Dispensable for the Restriction of HIV-1 Infection","abstract":"The interferon-induced host cell protein Shiftless (SFL) inhibits -1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting (-1PRF) required for the expression of HIV-1 Gal-Pol and the formation of infectious HIV-1 particles. However, the specific regions in SFL required for antiviral activity and the mechanism by which SFL inhibits -1PRF remain unclear. Employing alanine scanning mutagenesis, we found that basic amino acids in the predicted zinc ribbon motif of SFL are essential for the suppression of Gag-Pol expression but dispensable for anti-HIV-1 activity. We have shown that SFL inhibits the expression of the murine leukemia virus (MLV) Gag-Pol polyprotein and the formation of infectious MLV particles, although Gag-Pol expression of MLV is independent of -1PRF but requires readthrough of a stop codon. These findings indicate that SFL might inhibit HIV-1 infection by more than one mechanism and that SFL might target programmed translational readthrough as well as -1PRF signals, both of which are regulated by mRNA secondary structure elements.","journal":"Viruses","year":2024,"id":463203,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":6,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9586,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1293422,"name":"Shreya Ahana Ayyub","orcid":"0000-0003-2356-2754","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":932185,"name":"Frank Peske","orcid":"0000-0003-3076-0409","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1293423,"name":"David Liedtke","orcid":"0009-0009-0127-631X","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1293424,"name":"Jens Bohne","orcid":"0000-0002-2800-9934","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":241077,"name":"Markus Hoffmann","orcid":"0000-0003-4603-7696","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":522399,"name":"Marina V. Rodnina","orcid":"0000-0003-0105-3879","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":241083,"name":"Stefan Pöhlmann","orcid":"0000-0001-6086-9136","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1293726,"name":"Niklas Jäger","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":53,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:04:28.838123Z","pmid":"38675925","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}