{"doi":"10.3390/v14122785","title":"The Role of Bacterial and Fungal Superinfection in Critical COVID-19","abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The range of reported rates of bacterial and fungal superinfections in patients with a severe course of COVID-19 is wide, suggesting a lack of standardised reporting. Methods: The rates of bacterial and fungal superinfection were assessed using predefined criteria to differentiate between infection and contamination. Results: Overall, 117 patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit due to severe COVID-19 were included. Overall, 55% of patients developed a superinfection and 13.6% developed a fungal superinfection (5.9% candidemia and 7.7% CAPA). The rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was 65.2%. If superinfection was detected, the length of hospital stay was significantly longer and the mortality was especially increased if candidemia was detected. An increased risk of superinfection was observed in patients with pre-existing diabetes mellitus or chronic heart failure. The presence of immunomodulating therapy did not seem to have an impact on the frequency of superinfections. Conclusion: Increased awareness of high superinfection rates, fungal infections in particular, in patients suffering from severe COVID-19 is necessary.</jats:p>","journal":"Viruses","year":2022,"id":33880,"datarank":0.5209597022886283,"base_score":2.4849066497880004,"endowment":2.4849066497880004,"self_citation_contribution":0.37273599746820013,"citation_network_contribution":0.14822370482042813,"self_endowment_contribution":0.37273599746820013,"citer_contribution":0.14822370482042813,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":11,"citer_count":11,"citers_with_citation_signal":8,"citers_with_endowment":8,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":176434,"name":"Johannes Holbik","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":176435,"name":"Alexander Grieb","orcid":"0000-0001-9449-5144","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":176436,"name":"Mario Karolyi","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":176437,"name":"Julian Hind","orcid":"0000-0002-4409-6855","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":176438,"name":"Georg Gibas","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":176439,"name":"Stephanie Neuhold","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":176440,"name":"Alexander Zoufaly","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":176441,"name":"Christoph Wenisch","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":176433,"name":"Tamara Seitz","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":2.4849066497880004,"endowment":2.4849066497880004,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"36560789","pmcid":"PMC9783059","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W4311378827","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":1.1089,"citation_percentile":0.7910262,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2023,"count":2},{"year":2024,"count":6},{"year":2025,"count":3}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/12/2785/pdf?version=1671006728","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/12/2785/pdf?version=1671006728","host_type":"GOLD"},{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/12/2785/pdf?version=1671006728","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/12/2785/pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122785","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36560789","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://doaj.org/article/9424292cb4204998bb2925467ca3b4a4","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14122785","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9783059","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9783059","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9783059?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"}],"fields_of_study":["Antifungal resistance and susceptibility","Antibiotic Use and Resistance","SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research","Medicine","Environmental Science","Humans","COVID-19","Superinfection","Candidemia","Hospitalization","Length of Stay"],"mesh_terms":["COVID-19","Hospitalization","Humans","Length of Stay","Superinfection","Candidemia"],"keywords":["Superinfection","Pneumonia","Intensive care unit","Medicine","Mortality rate","Biology","Internal medicine","Immunology","Intensive care medicine","Virus","Fungal infection","Candidemia","Capa","Covid-19","Sars-cov-2"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Good health and well-being"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-06-09T17:06:45.013261Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}