{"doi":"10.3390/v14030501","title":"Effect of Different Adjuvants on Immune Responses Elicited by Protein-Based Subunit Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and Its Delta Variant","abstract":"<jats:p>The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become more serious because of the continuous emergence of variants of concern (VOC), thus calling for the development of broad-spectrum vaccines with greater efficacy. Adjuvants play important roles in enhancing the immunogenicity of protein-based subunit vaccines. In this study, we compared the effect of three adjuvants, including aluminum, nanoparticle manganese and MF59, on the immunogenicity of three protein-based COVID-19 vaccine candidates, including RBD-Fc, RBD and S-trimer. We found that the nanoparticle manganese adjuvant elicited the highest titers of SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a, as well as neutralizing antibodies against infection by pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 and its Delta variant. What is more, the nanoparticle manganese adjuvant effectively reduced the viral load of the authentic SARS-CoV-2 and Delta variant in the cell culture supernatants. These results suggest that nanoparticle manganese, known to facilitate cGAS-STING activation, is an optimal adjuvant for protein-based COVID-19 subunit vaccines.</jats:p>","journal":"Viruses","year":2022,"id":607635,"datarank":0.48283137373023016,"base_score":3.2188758248682006,"endowment":3.2188758248682006,"self_citation_contribution":0.48283137373023016,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.48283137373023016,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":24,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1560326,"name":"Qianting Ji","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":550919,"name":"Zezhong Liu","orcid":"0000-0002-7394-8084","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":623070,"name":"Kaiming Tang","orcid":"0000-0001-7310-6744","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":226864,"name":"Yubin Xie","orcid":"0000-0003-2542-2544","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1560327,"name":"Kangchen Li","orcid":"0000-0001-5523-5841","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":423632,"name":"Jie Zhou","orcid":"0000-0001-9309-8630","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1383767,"name":"Sisi Li","orcid":"0000-0002-6710-9380","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1560328,"name":"Haotian Shang","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1560329,"name":"Zecan Shi","orcid":null,"position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":817308,"name":"Tianyu Zheng","orcid":"0000-0002-7893-4917","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1560331,"name":"Jiawei Yao","orcid":null,"position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":237956,"name":"Lu Lu","orcid":"0000-0002-2255-0391","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":78571,"name":"Shuofeng Yuan","orcid":"0000-0001-7996-1119","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":105107,"name":"Shibo Jiang","orcid":"0000-0001-8283-7135","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":377601,"name":"Naru Zhang","orcid":"0000-0002-8906-1453","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Effect of Different Adjuvants on Immune Responses Elicited by Protein-Based Subunit Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and Its Delta Variant","abstract":"<jats:p>The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become more serious because of the continuous emergence of variants of concern (VOC), thus calling for the development of broad-spectrum vaccines with greater efficacy. Adjuvants play important roles in enhancing the immunogenicity of protein-based subunit vaccines. In this study, we compared the effect of three adjuvants, including aluminum, nanoparticle manganese and MF59, on the immunogenicity of three protein-based COVID-19 vaccine candidates, including RBD-Fc, RBD and S-trimer. We found that the nanoparticle manganese adjuvant elicited the highest titers of SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a, as well as neutralizing antibodies against infection by pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 and its Delta variant. What is more, the nanoparticle manganese adjuvant effectively reduced the viral load of the authentic SARS-CoV-2 and Delta variant in the cell culture supernatants. These results suggest that nanoparticle manganese, known to facilitate cGAS-STING activation, is an optimal adjuvant for protein-based COVID-19 subunit vaccines.</jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"35336907","pmcid":"PMC8950793","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W35336907","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","grant_id":"82041025 and 92169112","title":null},{"funder_name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Zhejiang University City College","grant_id":"J-202106","title":null},{"funder_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","grant_id":"2021YFC2300703","title":null},{"funder_name":"Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader","grant_id":"20XD1420300","title":null},{"funder_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","grant_id":"2021M700840","title":null}],"total_grants":5,"fwci":0.0,"citation_percentile":0.00451186,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/3/501/pdf?version=1646907164","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/3/501/pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"http://www.cqvip.com/QK/83164X/200302/7738614.html","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14030501","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8950793","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8950793","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8950793?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"}],"fields_of_study":["interferon and immune responses","SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research","Animals","COVID-19","COVID-19 Vaccines","Humans","Immunity","Mice","Mice, Inbred BALB C","SARS-CoV-2","Vaccines, Subunit","Viral Vaccines","SARS-CoV-2 variants"],"mesh_terms":["Animals","Mice, Inbred BALB C","Humans","Mice","Vaccines, Subunit","Viral Vaccines","Immunity","COVID-19","SARS-CoV-2","COVID-19 Vaccines"],"keywords":["Computer science","Aluminum","Variants","Subunit vaccines","Mf59","Covid-19","Sars-cov-2","Nanoparticle Manganese"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Reduced inequalities"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[{"name":"gen"},{"name":"gisaid"}],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-30T06:43:58.018418Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}