{"doi":"10.3390/s22041355","title":"A Smart System for the Contactless Measurement of Energy Expenditure","abstract":"Energy Expenditure (EE) (kcal/day), a key element to guide obesity treatment, is measured from CO2 production, VCO2 (mL/min), and/or O2 consumption, VO2 (mL/min). Current technologies are limited due to the requirement of wearable facial accessories. A novel system, the Smart Pad, which measures EE via VCO2 from a room’s ambient CO2 concentration transients was evaluated. Resting EE (REE) and exercise VCO2 measurements were recorded using Smart Pad and a reference instrument to study measurement duration’s influence on accuracy. The Smart Pad displayed 90% accuracy (±1 SD) for 14–19 min of REE measurement and for 4.8–7.0 min of exercise, using known room’s air exchange rate. Additionally, the Smart Pad was validated measuring subjects with a wide range of body mass indexes (BMI = 18.8 to 31.4 kg/m2), successfully validating the system accuracy across REE’s measures of ~1200 to ~3000 kcal/day. Furthermore, high correlation between subjects’ VCO2 and λ for CO2 accumulation was observed (p < 0.00001, R = 0.785) in a 14.0 m3 sized room. This finding led to development of a new model for REE measurement from ambient CO2 without λ calibration using a reference instrument. The model correlated in nearly 100% agreement with reference instrument measures (y = 1.06x, R = 0.937) using an independent dataset (N = 56).","journal":"Sensors","year":2022,"id":291806,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":2,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9583,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":975070,"name":"Shaun Victor","orcid":"0000-0003-1922-6280","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":519351,"name":"Sabrina Mora","orcid":"0000-0003-4181-4732","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":975535,"name":"Óscar Rogelio Caloca Osorio","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":824966,"name":"Gabriel Pyznar","orcid":"0009-0003-1683-2186","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":519353,"name":"Hugo Destaillats","orcid":"0000-0002-2132-3816","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":521198,"name":"Courtney M. Wheatley","orcid":"0000-0002-2854-462X","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":373738,"name":"Bruce D. Johnson","orcid":"0000-0002-6283-783X","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":519352,"name":"Doina Kulick","orcid":"0000-0003-0950-3221","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":392194,"name":"Erica Forzani","orcid":"0000-0003-2407-8251","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":519350,"name":"Mark Sprowls","orcid":"0000-0003-1660-4135","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":63,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:30:38.420009Z","pmid":"35214262","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}