{"doi":"10.3390/pathogens10050509","title":"Cell-Type Apoptosis in Lung during SARS-CoV-2 Infection","abstract":"The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has inspired renewed interest in understanding the fundamental pathology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) following infection. However, the pathogenesis of ARDS following SRAS-CoV-2 infection remains largely unknown. In the present study, we examined apoptosis in postmortem lung sections from COVID-19 patients and in lung tissues from a non-human primate model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, in a cell-type manner, including type 1 and 2 alveolar cells and vascular endothelial cells (ECs), macrophages, and T cells. Multiple-target immunofluorescence assays and Western blotting suggest both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways are activated during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, we observed that SARS-CoV-2 fails to induce apoptosis in human bronchial epithelial cells (i.e., BEAS2B cells) and primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), which are refractory to SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, infection of co-cultured Vero cells and HUVECs or Vero cells and BEAS2B cells with SARS-CoV-2 induced apoptosis in both Vero cells and HUVECs/BEAS2B cells but did not alter the permissiveness of HUVECs or BEAS2B cells to the virus. Post-exposure treatment of the co-culture of Vero cells and HUVECs with a novel non-cyclic nucleotide small molecule EPAC1-specific activator reduced apoptosis in HUVECs. These findings may help to delineate a novel insight into the pathogenesis of ARDS following SARS-CoV-2 infection.","journal":"Pathogens","year":2021,"id":155520,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":58,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9618,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":562571,"name":"Tania Garron","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":453509,"name":"Qing Chang","orcid":"0000-0003-4122-3705","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":454227,"name":"Zhengchen Su","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":480474,"name":"Changcheng Zhou","orcid":"0000-0001-7649-0710","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":658282,"name":"Yuan Qiu","orcid":"0000-0002-7945-3963","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":562572,"name":"Eric C. Gong","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":655600,"name":"Junying Zheng","orcid":"0009-0001-2631-8055","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":469532,"name":"Y. Whitney Yin","orcid":"0000-0001-7063-9385","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":229178,"name":"Thomas G. Ksiazek","orcid":null,"position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":218440,"name":"Trevor Brasel","orcid":null,"position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284814,"name":"Yang Jin","orcid":"0000-0002-4779-531X","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":562574,"name":"Paul Boor","orcid":null,"position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":437906,"name":"Jason E. Comer","orcid":"0000-0001-7471-9905","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":453515,"name":"Bin Gong","orcid":"0000-0002-3929-3897","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":453505,"name":"Yakun Liu","orcid":"0000-0002-7778-2309","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":72,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:44:03.750995Z","pmid":"33922476","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}