{"doi":"10.3390/nu16234249","title":"Plant-Based Diets and Their Associations with Physical Performance in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging","abstract":"Background: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits; however, their impact on physical performance in aging populations remains unclear. Objectives: To investigate the associations between adherence to plant-based diets and physical performance, focusing on their potential protective effects against age-related declines in function. Methods: Data were obtained from men and women aged 40 years or older in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) (mean ± SD age: 68 ± 13 years at the first dietary visit; n = 1389). Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Plant-based diets, calculated from 18 food groups, were categorized as overall (PDI), healthful (hPDI), or unhealthful (uPDI), and their tertiles across visits were analyzed. Multivariable linear mixed-effects models were used to examine the association between repeated measurements of three physical performance outcomes—Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), grip strength (kg), and gait speed (m/s)—and adherence to each plant-based diet. Results: In fully adjusted models, SPPB and grip strength were significantly associated with both hPDI and uPDI, but not with PDI. For hPDI, the intermediate tertile showed the greatest benefit, with SPPB scores 0.5 points higher (βT2vs.T1 = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.30–0.70, p < 0.001) over the follow-up period. In contrast, for uPDI, a 0.27-point lower SPPB score was seen (βT3vs.T1 = −0.27, 95% CI: −0.48 to −0.07, p = 0.009). Longitudinally, grip strength was positively associated with hPDI (βT3vs.T1 = 1.14, 95% CI: 0.24–2.05, p = 0.0013). Similar results were observed in older adults aged ≥65 years. Conclusions: Adherence to hPDI may benefit lower body function and muscle strength, while uPDI appears to have adverse effects. This suggests that the quality of plant-based foods is essential for maintaining functional well-being in older adults. Further research is needed to confirm these findings, explore underlying mechanisms, and identify strategies to optimize plant-based dietary patterns for aging populations.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2024,"id":441601,"datarank":0.407022431886753,"base_score":2.302585092994046,"endowment":2.302585092994046,"self_citation_contribution":0.3453877639491069,"citation_network_contribution":0.061634667937646076,"self_endowment_contribution":0.3453877639491069,"citer_contribution":0.061634667937646076,"corpus_percentile":54.792295196101186,"corpus_rank":5845,"citation_count":9,"citer_count":6,"citers_with_citation_signal":4,"citers_with_endowment":4,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.5445,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":33.3333,"fair_percentile":47.93641088352186,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1254663,"name":"Marius Emil Rusu","orcid":"0000-0002-0880-9889","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":420852,"name":"Amber S. Kleckner","orcid":"0000-0002-5088-1139","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":260022,"name":"John D. Sorkin","orcid":"0000-0003-2496-0965","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":339098,"name":"Yichen Jin","orcid":"0000-0001-9207-2535","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":339099,"name":"Sameera A. Talegawkar","orcid":"0000-0003-2612-5728","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":21720,"name":"Toshiko Tanaka","orcid":"0000-0002-4161-3829","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":21956,"name":"Luigi Ferrucci","orcid":"0000-0002-6273-1613","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":389916,"name":"Alice S. Ryan","orcid":"0000-0003-3708-110X","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":422613,"name":"Galya Bigman","orcid":"0000-0002-4747-6888","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":55,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:01:11.152920Z","pmid":"39683645","pmcid":"PMC11644655","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":50.0,"fair_a":62.5,"fair_i":40.0,"fair_r":33.3333,"fair_zscore":-0.0442,"fair_rationale":{"fair_score":33.33,"has_llm":true,"taxonomy_version":"fair_taxonomy_v5","dimensions":{"F":{"name":"Findable","score":50.0,"criteria":[{"key":"f_dataset_pid","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"https://www.blsa.nih.gov/","grounded":true,"rationale":"The only identifier given is a web URL, which is not a persistent identifier scheme (DOI, Handle, ARK, URN, or repository accession).","anchors":["RDA-F1-01D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a persistent identifier' (priorit","RDA-F1-02D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a globally unique identifier'","FsF-F1-02D — F-UJI/FAIRsFAIR: 'Data is assigned a persistent identifier'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_repository_named","label":"Named repository","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"The dataset is publicly available through controlled access by request, pending approval by the BLSA cohort investigators and the NIA research team via https://www.blsa.nih.gov/ .","grounded":true,"rationale":"The data are hosted on the BLSA website, which is not a named repository in re3data/FAIRsharing, and the holder is the BLSA cohort investigators, not a recognized repository.","anchors":["RDA-F4-01M — FAIR Data Maturity Model: metadata is offered so it can be harvested and indexed (","NIH DMS Policy Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — name the repository where data will be archived","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Long-Term Sustainability', 'Reten"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_data_availability_statement","label":"Data-availability statement","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"The dataset is publicly available through controlled access by request, pending approval by the BLSA cohort investigators and the NIA research team via https://www.blsa.nih.gov/ .","grounded":true,"rationale":"The data-availability statement points to a controlled-access request process via a URL, not to a repository record with an accession, so it is partial. 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[majority verdict 'yes' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["NIH Genomic Data Sharing Policy (NOT-OD-14-124) — controlled-access via a Data Access Committee","RDA-A1.2-01D — 'Data is accessible through an access protocol that supports authentication and ","NIH DMS Policy Element 5 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Access, Distribution, or Reuse Considerations (conse"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","label":"Availability timing & retention","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper does not mention any retention period, permanent archival, or availability timing for the data beyond the current statement.","anchors":["NIH DMS Plan Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Data Preservation, Access, and Associated Timelines","NSTC Desirable Characteristics (2022), Organizational Infrastructure: 'Retention Policy'","RDA-A2-01M — 'Metadata is guaranteed to remain available after data is no longer available'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"I":{"name":"Interoperable","score":40.0,"criteria":[{"key":"i_open_nonproprietary_format","label":"Open file format","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper does not name any file format for the released data, so no format token is available.","anchors":["FsF-R1.3-02D — F-UJI: 'Data is available in a file format recommended by the target research co","RDA-R1.3-02D — data is expressed in a machine-understandable community standard","RDA-I1-01D — data uses a knowledge representation expressed in a standardised format"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"i_community_standard_vocabulary","label":"Community standard / vocabulary","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper uses ICD-9, a community-standard classification system registered in FAIRsharing, for defining chronic diseases.","anchors":["RDA-R1.3-01M — 'Metadata complies with a community standard' (priority Essential)","RDA-R1.3-01D — 'Data complies with a community standard'","RDA-I2-01M — '(Meta)data use vocabularies that follow FAIR principles'"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"i_qualified_references","label":"Identifiers for the resources the data depend on","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No identifier for an external resource (e.g., source dataset, database, code) is provided in the text. [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-I3-01M — '(meta)data include references to other (meta)data'","RDA-I3-03M — 'metadata includes qualified references to other metadata'","FsF-I3-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes links between the data and its related entities'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"R":{"name":"Reusable","score":33.33,"criteria":[{"key":"r_reuse_license","label":"Reuse licence","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No reuse license is mentioned for the data; the article's CC BY license applies only to the paper itself.","anchors":["RDA-R1.1-01M — 'Metadata includes information about the licence under which the data can be reu","RDA-R1.1-02M — 'Metadata refers to a standard reuse licence'","RDA-R1.1-03M — 'Metadata refers to a machine-understandable reuse licence'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"r_provenance_methods","label":"Provenance of the data","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"Smedley Hand Dynamometer (Stoelting)","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper names specific instruments and software used to produce the data, such as the Smedley Hand Dynamometer.","anchors":["RDA-R1.2-01M — 'Metadata includes provenance information according to community- specific standa","FsF-R1.2-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes provenance information about data creation or generati","W3C PROV-O (W3C Recommendation, 2013) — the entity/activity/agent model of provenance"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"r_documentation_codebook","label":"Documentation / codebook","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"Supplementary Table S1: Overview of food items constituting the 18 food groups","grounded":true,"rationale":"Variable definitions are provided inside the article (supplementary table), not as a separate documentation object shipped with the data.","anchors":["RDA-R1-01M — '(Meta)data are richly described with a plurality of accurate and relevant attribu","FsF-R1-01MD — F-UJI: 'Metadata specifies the content of the data'","NIH DMS Policy Element 3 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Standards (documentation and metadata to accompany t"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"r_versioning","label":"Snapshot identified","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"Neither a version token nor a specific date identifies the snapshot of the data. 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