{"doi":"10.3390/nu15030786","title":"Higher Adherence to Plant-Based Diet Lowers Type 2 Diabetes Risk among High and Non-High Cardiovascular Risk Populations: A Cross-Sectional Study in Shanxi, China","abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the association between the plant-based diet index (PDI) score and T2D risk among residents of Shanxi Province, China, and explore whether the association was influenced by different levels of cardiovascular risk. A total of 50,694 participants aged 35–75 years were recruited between 2017 and 2019, and they were further divided into the high cardiovascular risk population (HCRP; n = 17,255) and the non-high cardiovascular risk population (non-HCRP; n = 33,439). The PDI was calculated based on food frequency from a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Incident T2D was defined based on elevated plasma glucose (≥7 mmol/L) or hypoglycemic medicine use. We investigated the association of the PDI andT2D risk using a two-level generalized estimating equation and restricted cubic splines model. The results showed that quartile 4 of the PDI indicated significantly reduced T2D risk in the total population (OR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.75–0.92), HCRP (OR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.71–0.91), and non-HCRP (OR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.74–0.87) compared with corresponding quartile 1 (OR = 1). In stratified analysis, the negative associations between PDI and T2D risk were stronger in the total population with the elderly (age &gt; 60 years), BMI &lt; 24, and men, and in the non-HCRP with men and BMI 24–28, and in the HCRP with the elderly and BMI &lt; 24 than those with corresponding subgroups (pinteraction &lt; 0.05). Linear curves were observed for the total population and non-HCRP, but an L-shaped association was observed for the HCRP. Therefore, our results suggest that higher PDI scores may effectively attenuate the T2D risk in the Chinese population and non-HCRP, and a beneficial association of PDI with T2D risk was observed in the HCRP at a certain threshold level. Longitudinal studies and intervention trials are required to validate our study findings.</jats:p>","journal":"Nutrients","year":2023,"id":651939,"datarank":0.3453877639491069,"base_score":2.302585092994046,"endowment":2.302585092994046,"self_citation_contribution":0.3453877639491069,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.3453877639491069,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":9,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1683750,"name":"Yaqing Meng","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1378091,"name":"Junbo Wang","orcid":"0000-0002-9776-1441","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":832049,"name":"Ying Zhang","orcid":"0000-0003-2194-7116","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Higher Adherence to Plant-Based Diet Lowers Type 2 Diabetes Risk among High and Non-High Cardiovascular Risk Populations: A Cross-Sectional Study in Shanxi, China","abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the association between the plant-based diet index (PDI) score and T2D risk among residents of Shanxi Province, China, and explore whether the association was influenced by different levels of cardiovascular risk. A total of 50,694 participants aged 35–75 years were recruited between 2017 and 2019, and they were further divided into the high cardiovascular risk population (HCRP; n = 17,255) and the non-high cardiovascular risk population (non-HCRP; n = 33,439). The PDI was calculated based on food frequency from a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Incident T2D was defined based on elevated plasma glucose (≥7 mmol/L) or hypoglycemic medicine use. We investigated the association of the PDI andT2D risk using a two-level generalized estimating equation and restricted cubic splines model. The results showed that quartile 4 of the PDI indicated significantly reduced T2D risk in the total population (OR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.75–0.92), HCRP (OR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.71–0.91), and non-HCRP (OR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.74–0.87) compared with corresponding quartile 1 (OR = 1). In stratified analysis, the negative associations between PDI and T2D risk were stronger in the total population with the elderly (age &gt; 60 years), BMI &lt; 24, and men, and in the non-HCRP with men and BMI 24–28, and in the HCRP with the elderly and BMI &lt; 24 than those with corresponding subgroups (pinteraction &lt; 0.05). Linear curves were observed for the total population and non-HCRP, but an L-shaped association was observed for the HCRP. Therefore, our results suggest that higher PDI scores may effectively attenuate the T2D risk in the Chinese population and non-HCRP, and a beneficial association of PDI with T2D risk was observed in the HCRP at a certain threshold level. Longitudinal studies and intervention trials are required to validate our study findings.</jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":2.302585092994046,"endowment":2.302585092994046,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"36771492","pmcid":"PMC9920686","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W4319080905","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"National Major Public Health Service Project, China","grant_id":"","title":null}],"total_grants":1,"fwci":2.1545,"citation_percentile":0.86436077,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2023,"count":1},{"year":2024,"count":4},{"year":2025,"count":3},{"year":2026,"count":1}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/3/786/pdf?version=1675417034","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/3/786/pdf?version=1675417034","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/3/786/pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030786","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36771492","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9920686","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15030786","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9920686/pdf/nutrients-15-00786.pdf","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9920686","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9920686?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"}],"fields_of_study":["Nutritional Studies and Diet","Diet and metabolism studies","Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact"],"mesh_terms":["Heart Disease Risk Factors","Aged","Cardiovascular Diseases","China","Cross-Sectional Studies","Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","Diet","Humans","Male","Plants","Prospective Studies","Risk Factors","Diet, Vegetarian"],"keywords":["Medicine","Quartile","Internal medicine","Population","Type 2 diabetes","Diabetes mellitus","Cross-sectional study","Body mass index","Demography","Endocrinology","Environmental health","Confidence interval","Shanxi province","High Cardiovascular Risk","Plant-based Diets"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Zero hunger"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-10T11:16:58.327022Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}