{"doi":"10.3390/nu15020282","title":"Revisiting One-Carbon Metabolites in Human Breast Milk: Focus on S-Adenosylmethionine","abstract":"Breastfeeding is the gold standard for early nutrition. Metabolites from the one-carbon metabolism pool are crucial for infant development. The aim of this study is to compare the breast-milk one-carbon metabolic profile to other biofluids where these metabolites are present, including cord and adult blood plasma as well as cerebrospinal fluid. Breast milk (n = 142), cord blood plasma (n = 23), maternal plasma (n = 28), aging adult plasma (n = 91), cerebrospinal fluid (n = 92), and infant milk formula (n = 11) samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS to quantify choline, betaine, methionine, S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, total homocysteine, and cystathionine. Differences between groups were visualized by principal component analysis and analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis test. Correlation analysis was performed between one-carbon metabolites in human breast milk. Principal component analysis based on these metabolites separated breast milk samples from other biofluids. The S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) concentration was significantly higher in breast milk compared to the other biofluids and was absent in infant milk formulas. Despite many significant correlations between metabolites in one-carbon metabolism, there were no significant correlations between SAM and methionine or total homocysteine. Together, our data indicate a high concentration of SAM in breast milk, which may suggest a strong demand for this metabolite during infant early growth while its absence in infant milk formulas may indicate the inadequacy of this vital metabolic nutrient.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2023,"id":368478,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":3,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9397,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":36378,"name":"María Carmen Collado","orcid":"0000-0002-6204-4864","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":323528,"name":"Elvira Isganaitis","orcid":"0000-0003-3477-0305","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":505038,"name":"Erland Arning","orcid":"0000-0002-0934-0808","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":940933,"name":"Brandi Wasek","orcid":"0000-0001-8850-2221","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":55292,"name":"Ellen W. Demerath","orcid":"0000-0002-4585-4064","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":71615,"name":"David A. Fields","orcid":"0000-0002-6845-1196","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":505039,"name":"Teodoro Bottiglieri","orcid":"0000-0002-4199-7551","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":658235,"name":"Carles Lerín","orcid":"0000-0003-0950-4363","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":35,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:15:20.453499Z","pmid":"36678154","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}