{"doi":"10.3390/nu12072045","title":"Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Intake by Ethnicity, Income, and Education Level in the United States: NHANES 2003–2014","abstract":"Although there are many recognized health benefits for the consumption of omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), intake in the United States remains below recommended amounts. This analysis was designed to provide an updated assessment of fish and n-3 LCPUFA intake (eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and EPA+DHA) in the United States adult population, based on education, income, and race/ethnicity, using data from the 2003-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (n = 44,585). Over this survey period, participants with less education and lower income had significantly lower n-3 LCPUFA intakes and fish intakes (p < 0.001 for all between group comparisons). N-3 LCPUFA intake differed significantly according to ethnicity (p < 0.001), with the highest intake of n-3 LCPUFA and fish in individuals in the “Other” category (including Asian Americans). Supplement use increased EPA + DHA intake, but only 7.4% of individuals consistently took supplements. Overall, n-3 LCPUFA intake in this study population was low, but our findings indicate that individuals with lower educational attainment and income are at even higher risk of lower n-3 LCPUFA and fish intake.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2020,"id":62596,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":50,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9016,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":331178,"name":"Nicholas Hein","orcid":"0000-0002-8311-4489","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":302460,"name":"Lynette M. Smith","orcid":"0000-0002-0836-9932","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":331179,"name":"Ann Anderson‐Berry","orcid":"0000-0002-8496-2543","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":331180,"name":"Chesney K. Richter","orcid":"0000-0002-5658-6173","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":331181,"name":"Karl Stessy Bisselou","orcid":"0000-0002-4889-9233","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":331182,"name":"Adams K. Appiah","orcid":"0000-0001-7225-9925","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":233815,"name":"Penny M. Kris‐Etherton","orcid":"0000-0001-6012-4900","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":331183,"name":"Ann C. Skulas‐Ray","orcid":"0000-0003-2914-9055","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":331184,"name":"Maranda Thompson","orcid":"0000-0003-2609-9355","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":331185,"name":"Tara M. Nordgren","orcid":"0000-0001-6398-8528","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":331186,"name":"Corrine Hanson","orcid":"0000-0002-5118-591X","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":331187,"name":"Melissa Thoene","orcid":"0000-0001-8554-0708","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":331177,"name":"Caleb Cave","orcid":"0000-0003-4829-6122","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":46,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T21:10:35.996198Z","pmid":"32660046","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}