{"doi":"10.3390/jcm12093237","title":"Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring to Prescribe a Time to Exercise for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes","abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines the potential utility of using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to prescribe an exercise time to target peak hyperglycaemia in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The main aim is to test the feasibility of prescribing an individualised daily exercise time, based on the time of CGM-derived peak glucose, for people with T2D. Thirty-five individuals with T2D (HbA1c: 7.2 ± 0.8%; age: 64 ± 7 y; BMI: 29.2 ± 5.2 kg/m2) were recruited and randomised to one of two 14 d exercise interventions: i) ExPeak (daily exercise starting 30 min before peak hyperglycaemia) or placebo active control NonPeak (daily exercise starting 90 min after peak hyperglycaemia). The time of peak hyperglycaemia was determined via a two-week baseline CGM. A CGM, accelerometer, and heart rate monitor were worn during the free-living interventions to objectively measure glycaemic control outcomes, moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA), and exercise adherence for future translation in a clinical trial. Participation in MVPA increased 26% when an exercise time was prescribed compared to habitual baseline (p &lt; 0.01), with no difference between intervention groups (p &gt; 0.26). The total MVPA increased by 10 min/day during the intervention compared to the baseline (baseline: 23 ± 14 min/d vs. intervention: 33 ± 16 min/d, main effect of time p = 0.03, no interaction). The change in peak blood glucose (mmol/L) was similar between the ExPeak (−0.44 ± 1.6 mmol/L, d = 0.21) and the NonPeak (−0.39 ± 1.5 mmol/L, d = 0.16) intervention groups (p = 0.92). Prescribing an exercise time based on CGM may increase daily participation in physical activity in people with type 2 diabetes; however, further studies are needed to test the long-term impact of this approach.</jats:p>","journal":"Journal of Clinical Medicine","year":2023,"id":618349,"datarank":0.3453877639491069,"base_score":2.302585092994046,"endowment":2.302585092994046,"self_citation_contribution":0.3453877639491069,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.3453877639491069,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":9,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1595123,"name":"Brooke M. Russell","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1595124,"name":"Tannia Cyriac","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1595125,"name":"Monique E. Francois","orcid":"0000-0001-9518-0750","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1595122,"name":"Courtney R. Chang","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring to Prescribe a Time to Exercise for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes","abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines the potential utility of using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to prescribe an exercise time to target peak hyperglycaemia in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The main aim is to test the feasibility of prescribing an individualised daily exercise time, based on the time of CGM-derived peak glucose, for people with T2D. Thirty-five individuals with T2D (HbA1c: 7.2 ± 0.8%; age: 64 ± 7 y; BMI: 29.2 ± 5.2 kg/m2) were recruited and randomised to one of two 14 d exercise interventions: i) ExPeak (daily exercise starting 30 min before peak hyperglycaemia) or placebo active control NonPeak (daily exercise starting 90 min after peak hyperglycaemia). The time of peak hyperglycaemia was determined via a two-week baseline CGM. A CGM, accelerometer, and heart rate monitor were worn during the free-living interventions to objectively measure glycaemic control outcomes, moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA), and exercise adherence for future translation in a clinical trial. Participation in MVPA increased 26% when an exercise time was prescribed compared to habitual baseline (p &lt; 0.01), with no difference between intervention groups (p &gt; 0.26). The total MVPA increased by 10 min/day during the intervention compared to the baseline (baseline: 23 ± 14 min/d vs. intervention: 33 ± 16 min/d, main effect of time p = 0.03, no interaction). The change in peak blood glucose (mmol/L) was similar between the ExPeak (−0.44 ± 1.6 mmol/L, d = 0.21) and the NonPeak (−0.39 ± 1.5 mmol/L, d = 0.16) intervention groups (p = 0.92). Prescribing an exercise time based on CGM may increase daily participation in physical activity in people with type 2 diabetes; however, further studies are needed to test the long-term impact of this approach.</jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":2.302585092994046,"endowment":2.302585092994046,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"37176677","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W4367597676","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"University of Wollongong","grant_id":"APP1177234","title":null}],"total_grants":1,"fwci":1.3501,"citation_percentile":0.82470315,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2023,"count":2},{"year":2024,"count":4},{"year":2025,"count":1},{"year":2026,"count":2}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/9/3237/pdf?version=1682849045","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/9/3237/pdf?version=1682849045","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/9/3237/pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12093237","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37176677","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10179271","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://ro.uow.edu.au/test2021/8376","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12093237","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10179271/pdf/jcm-12-03237.pdf","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Diabetes Management and Research","Cardiovascular and exercise physiology","Physical Activity and Health"],"mesh_terms":[],"keywords":["Medicine","Continuous glucose monitoring","Type 2 diabetes","Psychological intervention","Diabetes mellitus","Placebo","Physical therapy","Internal medicine","Physical activity","Heart rate","Type 1 diabetes","Blood pressure","Endocrinology"],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-03T04:09:10.945247Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}