{"doi":"10.3390/jcm11247314","title":"Age, Sex and Previous Comorbidities as Risk Factors Not Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection for Long COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","abstract":"<jats:p>Identification of predictors of long COVID-19 is essential for managing healthcare plans of patients. This systematic literature review and meta-analysis aimed to identify risk factors not associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, but rather potentially predictive of the development of long COVID-19. MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases, as well as medRxiv and bioRxiv preprint servers were screened through 15 September 2022. Peer-reviewed studies or preprints evaluating potential pre-SARS-CoV-2 infection risk factors for the development of long-lasting symptoms were included. The methodological quality was assessed using the Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPSs) tool. Random-effects meta-analyses with calculation of odds ratio (OR) were performed in those risk factors where a homogenous long COVID-19 definition was used. From 1978 studies identified, 37 peer-reviewed studies and one preprint were included. Eighteen articles evaluated age, sixteen articles evaluated sex, and twelve evaluated medical comorbidities as risk factors of long COVID-19. Overall, single studies reported that old age seems to be associated with long COVID-19 symptoms (n = 18); however, the meta-analysis did not reveal an association between old age and long COVID-19 (n = 3; OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.03, p = 0.17). Similarly, single studies revealed that female sex was associated with long COVID-19 symptoms (n = 16); which was confirmed in the meta-analysis (n = 7; OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.86, p = 0.01). Finally, medical comorbidities such as pulmonary disease (n = 4), diabetes (n = 1), obesity (n = 6), and organ transplantation (n = 1) were also identified as potential risk factors for long COVID-19. The risk of bias of most studies (71%, n = 27/38) was moderate or high. In conclusion, pooled evidence did not support an association between advancing age and long COVID-19 but supported that female sex is a risk factor for long COVID-19. Long COVID-19 was also associated with some previous medical comorbidities.</jats:p>","journal":"Journal of Clinical Medicine","year":2022,"id":622725,"datarank":0.7894035283357329,"base_score":5.262690188904886,"endowment":5.262690188904886,"self_citation_contribution":0.7894035283357329,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.7894035283357329,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":192,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":2,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":330795,"name":"Maria Helena Santos de Oliveira","orcid":"0000-0003-1180-7224","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1609161,"name":"Princess Juneire Peligro","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1609162,"name":"Jacqueline Veronica Velasco","orcid":"0000-0001-7028-8175","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1609163,"name":"Imee Macaranas","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1609164,"name":"Abbygail Therese Ver","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1609165,"name":"Flos Carmeli Pangilinan","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1609166,"name":"Adriel Pastrana","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1609167,"name":"Nathaniel Goldrich","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1609168,"name":"David Kavteladze","orcid":null,"position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1609169,"name":"Ma. Margarita Leticia Gellaco","orcid":null,"position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":905040,"name":"Jin Liu","orcid":"0000-0002-1756-5441","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":104069,"name":"Giuseppe Lippi","orcid":"0000-0001-9523-9054","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":330791,"name":"Brandon Michael Henry","orcid":"0000-0002-8047-338X","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":615998,"name":"César Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas","orcid":"0000-0003-3772-9690","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1314247,"name":"Kin Israel Notarte","orcid":"0000-0002-6055-0886","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Age, Sex and Previous Comorbidities as Risk Factors Not Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection for Long COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","abstract":"<jats:p>Identification of predictors of long COVID-19 is essential for managing healthcare plans of patients. This systematic literature review and meta-analysis aimed to identify risk factors not associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, but rather potentially predictive of the development of long COVID-19. MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases, as well as medRxiv and bioRxiv preprint servers were screened through 15 September 2022. Peer-reviewed studies or preprints evaluating potential pre-SARS-CoV-2 infection risk factors for the development of long-lasting symptoms were included. The methodological quality was assessed using the Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPSs) tool. Random-effects meta-analyses with calculation of odds ratio (OR) were performed in those risk factors where a homogenous long COVID-19 definition was used. From 1978 studies identified, 37 peer-reviewed studies and one preprint were included. Eighteen articles evaluated age, sixteen articles evaluated sex, and twelve evaluated medical comorbidities as risk factors of long COVID-19. Overall, single studies reported that old age seems to be associated with long COVID-19 symptoms (n = 18); however, the meta-analysis did not reveal an association between old age and long COVID-19 (n = 3; OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.03, p = 0.17). Similarly, single studies revealed that female sex was associated with long COVID-19 symptoms (n = 16); which was confirmed in the meta-analysis (n = 7; OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.86, p = 0.01). Finally, medical comorbidities such as pulmonary disease (n = 4), diabetes (n = 1), obesity (n = 6), and organ transplantation (n = 1) were also identified as potential risk factors for long COVID-19. The risk of bias of most studies (71%, n = 27/38) was moderate or high. In conclusion, pooled evidence did not support an association between advancing age and long COVID-19 but supported that female sex is a risk factor for long COVID-19. 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