{"doi":"10.3390/ijms25137086","title":"A Synergistic Strategy Combining Chemotherapy and Photodynamic Therapy to Eradicate Prostate Cancer","abstract":"Prostate cancer is the most prevalent cancer among men in the United States and is a leading cause of cancer-related death. Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has been established as a biomarker for prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment. This study aimed to develop a novel theranostic agent, PSMA-1-MMAE-Pc413, which integrates a PSMA-targeting ligand, the photosensitizer Pc413, and the microtubular inhibitor monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) for synergistic therapeutic efficacy. In vitro uptake studies revealed that PSMA-1-MMAE-Pc413 demonstrated selective and specific uptake in PSMA-positive PC3pip cells but not in PSMA-negative PC3flu cells, with the uptake in PC3pip cells being approximately three times higher. In vitro cytotoxicity assays showed that, when exposed to light, PSMA-1-MMAE-Pc413 had a synergistic effect, leading to significantly greater cytotoxicity in PSMA-positive cells (IC50 = 2.2 nM) compared to PSMA-1-Pc413 with light irradiation (IC50 = 164.9 nM) or PSMA-1-MMAE-Pc413 without light irradiation (IC50 = 12.6 nM). In vivo imaging studies further demonstrated the selective uptake of PSMA-1-MMAE-Pc413 in PC3pip tumors. In in vivo studies, PSMA-1-MMAE-Pc413 dramatically improves the therapeutic outcome for prostate cancer by providing a synergistic effect that surpasses the efficacy of each treatment modality alone in PC3pip tumors. These findings suggest that PSMA-1-MMAE-Pc413 has strong potential for clinical application in improving prostate cancer treatment.","journal":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","year":2024,"id":444973,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":7,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9523,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":876067,"name":"Ethan Walker","orcid":"0000-0002-5132-8191","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1260881,"name":"Sriprada Chavali","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":683302,"name":"Gopalakrishnan Ramamurthy","orcid":"0000-0001-6813-429X","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":377184,"name":"Lifang Zhang","orcid":"0000-0001-8706-1970","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1260383,"name":"Abhiram Panigrahi","orcid":"0000-0001-8885-4390","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":826347,"name":"James P. Basilion","orcid":"0000-0002-8659-3307","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":296387,"name":"Xinning Wang","orcid":"0000-0001-7729-0534","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912196,"name":"Aditi Shirke","orcid":"0000-0002-5601-3308","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":59,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:01:37.886033Z","pmid":"39000194","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}