{"doi":"10.3390/ijms25021274","title":"The Role of the CD28 Family Receptors in T-Cell Immunomodulation","abstract":"<jats:p>The CD28 family receptors include the CD28, ICOS (inducible co-stimulator), CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4), PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1), and BTLA (B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator) molecules. They characterize a group of molecules similar to immunoglobulins that control the immune response through modulating T-cell activity. Among the family members, CD28 and ICOS act as enhancers of T-cell activity, while three others—BTLA, CTLA-4, and PD-1—function as suppressors. The receptors of the CD28 family interact with the B7 family of ligands. The cooperation between these molecules is essential for controlling the course of the adaptive response, but it also significantly impacts the development of immune-related diseases. This review introduces the reader to the molecular basis of the functioning of CD28 family receptors and their impact on T-cell activity.</jats:p>","journal":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","year":2024,"id":679054,"datarank":0.5375278407684165,"base_score":3.58351893845611,"endowment":3.58351893845611,"self_citation_contribution":0.5375278407684165,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.5375278407684165,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":35,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1774235,"name":"Katarzyna A. Lisowska","orcid":"0000-0002-6086-0024","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1774234,"name":"Klaudia Ciesielska-Figlon","orcid":"0000-0002-0672-4136","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"The Role of the CD28 Family Receptors in T-Cell Immunomodulation","abstract":"<jats:p>The CD28 family receptors include the CD28, ICOS (inducible co-stimulator), CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4), PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1), and BTLA (B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator) molecules. They characterize a group of molecules similar to immunoglobulins that control the immune response through modulating T-cell activity. Among the family members, CD28 and ICOS act as enhancers of T-cell activity, while three others—BTLA, CTLA-4, and PD-1—function as suppressors. The receptors of the CD28 family interact with the B7 family of ligands. The cooperation between these molecules is essential for controlling the course of the adaptive response, but it also significantly impacts the development of immune-related diseases. This review introduces the reader to the molecular basis of the functioning of CD28 family receptors and their impact on T-cell activity.</jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":3.5553480614894135,"endowment":3.5553480614894135,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"38279272","pmcid":"PMC10816057","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W4391110100","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":5.1728,"citation_percentile":0.96479521,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2024,"count":2},{"year":2025,"count":14},{"year":2026,"count":18}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/2/1274/pdf?version=1705731145","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/2/1274/pdf?version=1705731145","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/2/1274/pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021274","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38279272","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10816057","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10816057/pdf/ijms-25-01274.pdf","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10816057","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10816057?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"}],"fields_of_study":["Immune Cell Function and Interaction","T-cell and B-cell Immunology","Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers"],"mesh_terms":["Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte","Immunity","Lymphocyte Activation","T-Lymphocytes","Antigens, CD","CD28 Antigens","Immunomodulation","CTLA-4 Antigen","Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor"],"keywords":["Receptor","CD28","Biology","Immunology","Cell biology","T cell","Computational biology","Genetics","Immune system","T cells","CTLA-4","ICOS","PD-1","BTLA","B7 Family Of Ligands","Cd28 Family Receptor"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Good health and well-being"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-17T12:06:12.365562Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}