{"doi":"10.3390/ijms25021044","title":"New Advances in Rapid Pretreatment for Small Dense LDL Cholesterol Measurement Using Shear Horizontal Surface Acoustic Wave (SH-SAW) Technology","abstract":"<jats:p>Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the arteries associated with alterations in lipid and other metabolism and is a major cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). LDL consists of several subclasses with different sizes, densities, and physicochemical compositions. Small dense LDL (sd-LDL) is a subclass of LDL. There is growing evidence that sd-LDL-C is associated with CVD risk, metabolic dysregulation, and several pathophysiological processes. In this study, we present a straightforward membrane device filtration method that can be performed with simple laboratory methods to directly determine sd-LDL in serum without the need for specialized equipment. The method consists of three steps: first, the precipitation of lipoproteins with magnesium harpin; second, the collection of effluent from a 100 nm filter; and third, the quantification of sd-LDL-ApoB in the effluent with an SH-SAW biosensor. There was a good correlation between ApoB values obtained using the centrifugation (y = 1.0411x + 12.96, r = 0.82, n = 20) and filtration (y = 1.0633x + 15.13, r = 0.88, n = 20) methods and commercially available sd-LDL-C assay values. In addition to the filtrate method, there was also a close correlation between sd-LDL-C and ELISA assay values (y = 1.0483x − 4489, r = 0.88, n = 20). The filtration treatment method also showed a high correlation with LDL subfractions and NMR spectra ApoB measurements (y = 2.4846x + 4.637, r = 0.89, n = 20). The presence of sd-LDL-ApoB in the effluent was also confirmed by ELISA assay. These results suggest that this filtration method is a simple and promising pretreatment for use with the SH-SAW biosensor as a rapid in vitro diagnostic (IVD) method for predicting sd-LDL concentrations. Overall, we propose a very sensitive and specific SH-SAW biosensor with the ApoB antibody in its sensitive region to monitor sd-LDL levels by employing a simple delay-time phase shifted SH-SAW device. In conclusion, based on the demonstration of our study, the SH-SAW biosensor could be a strong candidate for the future measurement of sd-LDL.</jats:p>","journal":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","year":2024,"id":611826,"datarank":0.32958368660043297,"base_score":2.1972245773362196,"endowment":2.1972245773362196,"self_citation_contribution":0.32958368660043297,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.32958368660043297,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":8,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1574986,"name":"Chia-Hsuan Cheng","orcid":"0000-0003-4684-8755","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1574987,"name":"Chi-Jen Lo","orcid":"0000-0003-4439-8033","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1574988,"name":"Guang-Huar Young","orcid":"0000-0002-8124-0094","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1574989,"name":"Szu-Heng Liu","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":451067,"name":"Robert Wang","orcid":"0000-0002-1322-3890","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1574985,"name":"Tai-Hua Chou","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"New Advances in Rapid Pretreatment for Small Dense LDL Cholesterol Measurement Using Shear Horizontal Surface Acoustic Wave (SH-SAW) Technology","abstract":"<jats:p>Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the arteries associated with alterations in lipid and other metabolism and is a major cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). LDL consists of several subclasses with different sizes, densities, and physicochemical compositions. Small dense LDL (sd-LDL) is a subclass of LDL. There is growing evidence that sd-LDL-C is associated with CVD risk, metabolic dysregulation, and several pathophysiological processes. In this study, we present a straightforward membrane device filtration method that can be performed with simple laboratory methods to directly determine sd-LDL in serum without the need for specialized equipment. The method consists of three steps: first, the precipitation of lipoproteins with magnesium harpin; second, the collection of effluent from a 100 nm filter; and third, the quantification of sd-LDL-ApoB in the effluent with an SH-SAW biosensor. There was a good correlation between ApoB values obtained using the centrifugation (y = 1.0411x + 12.96, r = 0.82, n = 20) and filtration (y = 1.0633x + 15.13, r = 0.88, n = 20) methods and commercially available sd-LDL-C assay values. In addition to the filtrate method, there was also a close correlation between sd-LDL-C and ELISA assay values (y = 1.0483x − 4489, r = 0.88, n = 20). The filtration treatment method also showed a high correlation with LDL subfractions and NMR spectra ApoB measurements (y = 2.4846x + 4.637, r = 0.89, n = 20). The presence of sd-LDL-ApoB in the effluent was also confirmed by ELISA assay. These results suggest that this filtration method is a simple and promising pretreatment for use with the SH-SAW biosensor as a rapid in vitro diagnostic (IVD) method for predicting sd-LDL concentrations. Overall, we propose a very sensitive and specific SH-SAW biosensor with the ApoB antibody in its sensitive region to monitor sd-LDL levels by employing a simple delay-time phase shifted SH-SAW device. In conclusion, based on the demonstration of our study, the SH-SAW biosensor could be a strong candidate for the future measurement of sd-LDL.</jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":2.1972245773362196,"endowment":2.1972245773362196,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"38256117","pmcid":"PMC10816817","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W4390881774","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"Chang Gung memorial hospital research fund","grant_id":"CMRPD1M0421-2","title":null},{"funder_name":"Chang Gung memorial hospital research fund","grant_id":"CMRPD1M0851","title":null}],"total_grants":2,"fwci":1.2966,"citation_percentile":0.77856628,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2024,"count":2},{"year":2025,"count":4},{"year":2026,"count":2}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/2/1044/pdf?version=1705304049","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/2/1044/pdf?version=1705304049","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/2/1044/pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021044","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38256117","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10816817","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10816817/pdf/ijms-25-01044.pdf","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10816817","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10816817?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"}],"fields_of_study":["Advanced Biosensing Techniques and Applications","Meat and Animal Product Quality","Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","Humans","Cholesterol, LDL","Technology","Antibodies","Arteries","Blood Group Antigens","Cardiovascular Diseases"],"mesh_terms":["Antibodies","Arteries","Blood Group Antigens","Cardiovascular Diseases","Humans","Cholesterol, LDL","Technology"],"keywords":["Apolipoprotein B","Chemistry","Filtration (mathematics)","Centrifugation","Effluent","Chromatography","Cholesterol","Lipoprotein","Ldl cholesterol","Low-density lipoprotein","Biochemistry","Small Dense Ldl","Shear Horizontal Surface Acoustic Wave Sh-saw"],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-01T23:00:20.350515Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}