{"doi":"10.3390/ijms25010476","title":"Androgen Receptor in Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer","abstract":"Breast cancer subtypes expressing hormone receptors (HR+ BCa) have a good prognosis and respond to first-line endocrine therapy (ET). However, the majority of HR+ BCa patients exhibit intrinsic or acquired ET resistance (ET-R) and rapid onset of incurable metastatic BCa. With the failure of conventional ET, limited targeted therapy exists for ET-R HR+ BCa patients. The androgen receptor (AR) in HR-negative BCa subtypes is emerging as an attractive alternative target for therapy. The AR drives Luminal AR (LAR) triple-negative breast cancer progression, and LAR patients consistently exhibit positive clinical benefits with AR antagonists in clinical trials. In contrast, the function of the AR in HR+ BCa is more conflicting. AR in HR+ BCa correlates with a favorable prognosis, and yet, the AR supports the development of ET-R BCa. While AR antagonists were ineffective, ongoing clinical trials with a selective AR modulator have shown promise for HR+ BCa patients. To understand the incongruent actions of ARs in HR+ BCa, the current review discusses how the structure and post-translational modification impact AR function. Additionally, completed and ongoing clinical trials with FDA-approved AR-targeting agents for BCa are presented. Finally, we identify promising investigational small molecules and chimera drugs for future HR+ BCa therapy.","journal":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","year":2023,"id":345495,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":13,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9502,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1085051,"name":"Samaneh Karami","orcid":"0000-0003-3174-5147","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1085505,"name":"Anthony S. Peidl","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1085506,"name":"Kacie D. Waiters","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1085507,"name":"Mariam Funmi Babajide","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1085508,"name":"Tasneem Bawa‐Khalfe","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1085050,"name":"Ashfia Fatima Khan","orcid":"0000-0002-1730-5383","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":92,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:11:39.484741Z","pmid":"38203649","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}