{"doi":"10.3390/ijms23137398","title":"The Clinical Spectrum and Disease Course of DRAM2 Retinopathy","abstract":"<jats:p>Pathogenic variants in DNA-damage regulated autophagy modulator 2 gene (DRAM2) cause a rare autosomal recessive retinal dystrophy and its disease course is not well understood. We present two Slovenian patients harboring a novel DRAM2 variant and a detailed review of all 23 other patients described to date. Whole exome and whole genome sequencing were performed in the two patients, and both underwent ophthalmological examination with a 2-year follow-up. PubMed was searched for papers with clinical descriptions of DRAM2 retinopathy. Patient 1 was homozygous for a novel variant, p.Met1?, and presented with the acute onset of photopsia and retina-wide retinopathy at the age of 35 years. The patient was first thought to have an autoimmune retinopathy and was treated with mycophenolate mofetil, which provided some symptomatic relief. Patient 2 was compound heterozygous for p.Met1? and p.Leu246Pro and presented with late-onset maculopathy at the age of 59 years. On review, patients with DRAM2 retinopathy usually present in the third decade with central visual loss, outer retinal layer loss on optical coherence tomography and a hyperautofluorescent ring on fundus autofluorescence. Either cone–rod or rod–cone dystrophy phenotype is observed on electroretinography, reflecting the importance of DRAM2 in both photoreceptor types. Non-null variants can result in milder disease.</jats:p>","journal":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","year":2022,"id":622195,"datarank":0.31191623125197543,"base_score":2.0794415416798357,"endowment":2.0794415416798357,"self_citation_contribution":0.31191623125197543,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.31191623125197543,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":7,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1607480,"name":"Marija Volk","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1607481,"name":"Maja Šuštar Habjan","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1607483,"name":"Marko Hawlina","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1022714,"name":"Nataša Vidović Valentinčič","orcid":"0000-0003-4136-8242","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1607485,"name":"Ana Fakin","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1607479,"name":"Tjaša Krašovec","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"The Clinical Spectrum and Disease Course of DRAM2 Retinopathy","abstract":"<jats:p>Pathogenic variants in DNA-damage regulated autophagy modulator 2 gene (DRAM2) cause a rare autosomal recessive retinal dystrophy and its disease course is not well understood. We present two Slovenian patients harboring a novel DRAM2 variant and a detailed review of all 23 other patients described to date. Whole exome and whole genome sequencing were performed in the two patients, and both underwent ophthalmological examination with a 2-year follow-up. PubMed was searched for papers with clinical descriptions of DRAM2 retinopathy. Patient 1 was homozygous for a novel variant, p.Met1?, and presented with the acute onset of photopsia and retina-wide retinopathy at the age of 35 years. The patient was first thought to have an autoimmune retinopathy and was treated with mycophenolate mofetil, which provided some symptomatic relief. Patient 2 was compound heterozygous for p.Met1? and p.Leu246Pro and presented with late-onset maculopathy at the age of 59 years. On review, patients with DRAM2 retinopathy usually present in the third decade with central visual loss, outer retinal layer loss on optical coherence tomography and a hyperautofluorescent ring on fundus autofluorescence. Either cone–rod or rod–cone dystrophy phenotype is observed on electroretinography, reflecting the importance of DRAM2 in both photoreceptor types. Non-null variants can result in milder disease.</jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":2.0794415416798357,"endowment":2.0794415416798357,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"35806404","pmcid":"PMC9266529","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W4283796623","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"Slovenian research agency","grant_id":"ARRS J3-1750","title":null}],"total_grants":1,"fwci":0.549,"citation_percentile":0.60222246,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2023,"count":4},{"year":2024,"count":2},{"year":2025,"count":1}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137398","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137398","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/13/7398/pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35806404","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=155547","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137398","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9266529","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=182503&dn=","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9266529","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9266529?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"}],"fields_of_study":["Retinal Development and Disorders","Retinal Diseases and Treatments","Neutrophil, Myeloperoxidase and Oxidative Mechanisms","Autoimmune Diseases","Cone-Rod Dystrophies","Electroretinography","Humans","Membrane Proteins","Mutation","Pedigree","Phenotype","Retinal Dystrophies","Tomography, Optical Coherence"],"mesh_terms":["Cone-Rod Dystrophies","Autoimmune Diseases","Electroretinography","Humans","Membrane Proteins","Mutation","Pedigree","Phenotype","Tomography, Optical Coherence","Retinal Dystrophies"],"keywords":["Ophthalmology","Retinopathy","Medicine","Fundus (uterus)","Maculopathy","Electroretinography","Macular dystrophy","Exome sequencing","Retinitis pigmentosa","Retinal","Dystrophy","Retinal degeneration","Genetics","Phenotype","Pathology","Biology","Endocrinology","Gene","Diabetes mellitus","Electrophysiology","Fundus Autofluorescence Imaging","Genotype–phenotype Correlation","Phenotype Variability","Inherited Retinal Dystrophy","Dram2","Genetic Spectrum"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Good health and well-being"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[{"name":"omim"}],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-03T18:37:32.156944Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}