{"doi":"10.3390/ijms222112009","title":"Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Three Triterpene from Hippophae rhamnoides L. in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW264.7 Cells","abstract":"<jats:p>Oleanolic acid (OA), asiatic acid (AA), and maslinic acid (MA) are ubiquitous isomeric triterpene phytochemicals with many pharmacological effects. To improve their application value, we used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce RAW264.7 cells and studied the differences in the anti-inflammatory effects of the triterpenes according to their structural differences. MTT, Griess, and immunofluorescence assays, ELISA, flow cytometry, and Western blotting, were performed. The release of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and interleukin (IL-6), was significantly inhibited by OA, AA, and MA at the same concentration, and AA and MA promoted the production of anti-inflammatory factor IL-10. OA, AA, and MA inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB nuclear translocation in RAW264.7 cells. OA and AA inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, P38, and JNK1/2 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, OA increased LPS-induced Nrf2 expression and decreased Keap1 expression in RAW264.7 cells. OA, AA, and MA inhibited LPS-stimulated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and alleviated mitochondrial membrane potential depletion. Overall, our data suggested that OA, AA, and MA exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. In particular, OA and AA take effects through the MAPKs, NF-κB, and Nrf2 signaling pathways.</jats:p>","journal":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","year":2021,"id":655261,"datarank":0.6329261557764161,"base_score":4.219507705176107,"endowment":4.219507705176107,"self_citation_contribution":0.6329261557764161,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.6329261557764161,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":67,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":56399,"name":"Chen Yuan","orcid":"0000-0002-0708-9648","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1632027,"name":"Xiaowei Zhou","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1710444,"name":"Yingjie Han","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1710445,"name":"Yanhao He","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":251219,"name":"Jian Ouyang","orcid":"0009-0006-1038-4564","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1710446,"name":"Wenna Zhou","orcid":"0000-0001-6728-4122","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1237614,"name":"Zhenhua Wang","orcid":"0000-0002-7980-1825","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1710447,"name":"Honglun Wang","orcid":"0000-0002-9882-9604","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":796180,"name":"Gang Li","orcid":"0000-0002-5743-0963","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":291805,"name":"Yu Han","orcid":"0000-0003-0552-720X","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Three Triterpene from Hippophae rhamnoides L. in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW264.7 Cells","abstract":"<jats:p>Oleanolic acid (OA), asiatic acid (AA), and maslinic acid (MA) are ubiquitous isomeric triterpene phytochemicals with many pharmacological effects. To improve their application value, we used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce RAW264.7 cells and studied the differences in the anti-inflammatory effects of the triterpenes according to their structural differences. MTT, Griess, and immunofluorescence assays, ELISA, flow cytometry, and Western blotting, were performed. The release of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and interleukin (IL-6), was significantly inhibited by OA, AA, and MA at the same concentration, and AA and MA promoted the production of anti-inflammatory factor IL-10. OA, AA, and MA inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB nuclear translocation in RAW264.7 cells. OA and AA inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, P38, and JNK1/2 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, OA increased LPS-induced Nrf2 expression and decreased Keap1 expression in RAW264.7 cells. OA, AA, and MA inhibited LPS-stimulated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and alleviated mitochondrial membrane potential depletion. Overall, our data suggested that OA, AA, and MA exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. In particular, OA and AA take effects through the MAPKs, NF-κB, and Nrf2 signaling pathways.</jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":4.219507705176107,"endowment":4.219507705176107,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"34769438","pmcid":"PMC8584548","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W3213278985","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"National Sciences Foundation of China","grant_id":"No.31870333, No.32000275","title":null}],"total_grants":1,"fwci":10.4919,"citation_percentile":0.9864479,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2021,"count":2},{"year":2022,"count":5},{"year":2023,"count":16},{"year":2024,"count":18},{"year":2025,"count":16},{"year":2026,"count":10}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/12009/pdf?version=1636348784","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/12009/pdf?version=1636348784","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/12009/pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222112009","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34769438","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://doaj.org/article/9727ce637fb341d288eb11140bb311e4","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC8584548","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222112009","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8584548","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8584548","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8584548?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"}],"fields_of_study":["Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies","Pharmacological Effects of Medicinal Plants","Natural product bioactivities and synthesis"],"mesh_terms":["Animals","Anti-Inflammatory Agents","Cell Line","Lipopolysaccharides","Macrophages","Triterpenes","Signal Transduction","NF-kappa B","Inflammation Mediators","MAP Kinase Signaling System","Hippophae","NF-E2-Related Factor 2","Mice"],"keywords":["Nitric oxide","Lipopolysaccharide","Oleanolic acid","Chemistry","Nitric oxide synthase","Reactive oxygen species","Proinflammatory cytokine","p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases","MTT assay","Pharmacology","Triterpene","Molecular biology","Biochemistry","In vitro","Inflammation","Phosphorylation","MAPK/ERK pathway","Biology","Immunology","Medicine","NF-κB","Maslinic Acid","Raw264.7 Cell","Asiatic Acid"],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-11T10:13:57.634207Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}