{"doi":"10.3390/ijerph18020742","title":"Associations of Maternal Stress, Prenatal Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), and Demographic Risk Factors with Birth Outcomes and Offspring Neurodevelopment: An Overview of the ECHO.CA.IL Prospective Birth Cohorts","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Infants whose mothers experience greater psychosocial stress and environmental chemical exposures during pregnancy may face greater rates of preterm birth, lower birth weight, and impaired neurodevelopment. METHODS: = 565 mother-infant pairs), which recruit pregnant women from San Francisco, CA and Urbana-Champaign, IL, respectively. We examined associations between demographic characteristics and gestational age, birth weight z-scores, and cognition at 7.5 months across these two cohorts using linear models. We also examined differences in biomarkers of exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), measured in second-trimester serum, and psychosocial stressors by cohort and participant demographics. RESULTS: To date, these cohorts have recruited over 1300 pregnant women combined. IKIDS has mothers who are majority white (80%), whereas CIOB mothers are racially and ethnically diverse (38% white, 34% Hispanic, 17% Asian/Pacific Islander). Compared to CIOB, median levels of PFOS, a specific PFAS congener, are higher in IKIDS (2.45 ng/mL versus 1.94 ng/mL), while psychosocial stressors are higher among CIOB. Across both cohorts, women who were non-white and single had lower birth weight z-scores relative to white women and married women, respectively. Demographic characteristics are not associated with cognitive outcomes at 7.5 months. CONCLUSIONS: This profile of the ECHO.CA.IL cohort found that mothers and their infants who vary in terms of socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and geographic location are similar in many of our measures of exposures and cognitive outcomes. Similar to past work, we found that non-white and single women had lower birth weight infants than white and married women. We also found differences in levels of PFOS and psychosocial stressors based on geographic location.","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","year":2021,"id":155664,"datarank":1.1732332200870486,"base_score":4.060443010546419,"endowment":4.060443010546419,"self_citation_contribution":0.6090664515819629,"citation_network_contribution":0.5641667685050856,"self_endowment_contribution":0.6090664515819629,"citer_contribution":0.5641667685050856,"corpus_percentile":82.50947628993579,"corpus_rank":2262,"citation_count":57,"citer_count":23,"citers_with_citation_signal":19,"citers_with_endowment":19,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.5078,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":12.5,"fair_percentile":28.767960868236013,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":658617,"name":"Elizabeth Enright","orcid":"0000-0001-5331-6955","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":658618,"name":"Sarah Dee Geiger","orcid":"0000-0003-2738-0245","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":445030,"name":"Kelsey L.C. Dzwilewski","orcid":"0000-0003-4364-3500","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":298303,"name":"Erin DeMicco","orcid":"0009-0004-3038-2705","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":298300,"name":"Sabrina Smith","orcid":"0000-0002-4580-573X","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":298301,"name":"June-Soo Park","orcid":"0009-0005-2177-4405","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":445032,"name":"Andréa Aguiar","orcid":"0000-0002-1001-1489","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":298305,"name":"Tracey J. Woodruff","orcid":"0000-0003-3622-1297","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":232426,"name":"Rachel Morello‐Frosch","orcid":"0000-0003-1153-7287","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":332910,"name":"Susan L. Schantz","orcid":null,"position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":298295,"name":"Stephanie M. Eick","orcid":"0000-0001-6695-3291","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":65,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:44:03.750995Z","pmid":"33467168","pmcid":"PMC7830765","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":11.1111,"fair_a":68.75,"fair_i":0.0,"fair_r":33.3333,"fair_zscore":-0.8688,"fair_rationale":{"fair_score":12.5,"has_llm":true,"taxonomy_version":"fair_taxonomy_v5","dimensions":{"F":{"name":"Findable","score":11.11,"criteria":[{"key":"f_dataset_pid","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper does not provide any persistent identifier (DOI, Handle, ARK, URN, or repository accession) for its own dataset.","anchors":["RDA-F1-01D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a persistent identifier' (priorit","RDA-F1-02D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a globally unique identifier'","FsF-F1-02D — F-UJI/FAIRsFAIR: 'Data is assigned a persistent identifier'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_repository_named","label":"Named repository","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No repository is named as the holder of the data; the data are not deposited in a repository but are available only through a request process to a program. [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-F4-01M — FAIR Data Maturity Model: metadata is offered so it can be harvested and indexed (","NIH DMS Policy Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — name the repository where data will be archived","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Long-Term Sustainability', 'Reten"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_data_availability_statement","label":"Data-availability statement","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"Data Availability Statement The sharing of anonymized data from this study is restricted due to ethical and legal restrictions. Data contains sensitive personal health information, which is protected under Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA), thus making all data requests subject to Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval. 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Archive the analysis code in a versioned repository (GitHub + a Zenodo release DOI).","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No code availability is mentioned; the paper does not provide any locator for the study's own code.","gain":8.33,"priority":"important","scored":true},{"key":"r_versioning","dimension":"R","label":"Snapshot identified","action":"Version the deposit and cite the exact version analysed (a version-specific DOI, or an accession with its version suffix). A reader reproducing your work against 'the current release' is reproducing it against a different dataset.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No version token or date is given to identify which snapshot of the data was used or released. [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","gain":4.17,"priority":"useful","scored":true},{"key":"f_data_availability_statement","dimension":"F","label":"Data-availability statement","action":"Replace the statement with the repository template: name the repository and give the accession or DOI (Colavizza category 3). This is the only DAS class associated with a measured citation advantage; 'available on reasonable request' and 'within the article' are not.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"Data Availability Statement The sharing of anonymized data from this study is restricted due to ethical and legal restrictions. Data contains sensitive personal health information, which is protected under Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA), thus making all data requests subject to Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval. 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[majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","dimension":"A","label":"Availability timing & retention","action":"State when the data become available AND how long they will be retained — cite the repository's preservation policy. NIH DMS Element 4 asks for both; most papers give neither.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"In later years, upon completion of ECHO, de-identified datasets containing questionnaires and biological information will be available to the larger scientific community and investigators via the ECHO Data Analysis Center (DAC).","why":"The paper states when the data will become available (upon completion of ECHO) but does not state how long they will persist, so it is availability-timing only. [majority verdict 'partial' (4/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false}],"suggestions":["Mint or cite a persistent identifier for the dataset — a repository DOI or an accession from a registered repository — and print it in the paper. A bare URL is not persistent: it is the single most common cause of a dead data link five years after publication. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","Deposit the data in a repository registered in re3data/FAIRsharing (a domain repository such as GEO, SRA, dbGaP, PRIDE, or a generalist such as Zenodo, Dryad, Dataverse) and name it explicitly in the paper. A lab website is not an archive: it has no retention commitment and no accession. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","Attach a standard, machine-readable open licence to the deposit — CC0 or CC BY, which is what Horizon Europe and most funders expect — and print the licence identifier in the paper. 'Free to use' is not a licence: it grants nothing a reuser's institution can rely on.","Remove the precondition or justify it. Release the data at publication with no embargo, no registration wall, and no approval step — NIH's zero-embargo public- access rule (NOT-OD-25-101) has already made 'available at publication' the federal baseline for the article; the data should not lag behind it. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit. Cite the clinical / human-subjects repository accession (e.g. from dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA)) in the reference list."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fulltext_source":"epmc_xml"},"fair_model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","fair_agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fair_fulltext_source":"epmc_xml","fair_has_llm":true,"fair_computed_at":"2026-07-20T11:17:08.649641Z","clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}