{"doi":"10.3390/cells9040950","title":"Detection of Human CD38 Using Variable Lymphocyte Receptor (VLR) Tetramers","abstract":"CD38 is a multifunctional cell surface receptor expressed on multiple cell lineages of hematopoietic origin with high levels of expression on human plasma cells. Previously, we isolated the monoclonal variable lymphocyte receptor B (VLRB) MM3 antibody from the evolutionarily distant sea lamprey, which recognized the CD38 ectoenzyme exclusively on human plasma cells in a manner that correlated with CD38 enzymatic activity. The plasma cell-specific binding of VLRB MM3 contrasts with the broad pattern of expression of CD38-determined conventional antibodies specific for this antigen. In an effort to facilitate the application of this unique reagent in combination with conventional antibody panels, we explored a strategy to generate VLRB MM3 tetramers. The resulting reagent maintained the threshold-based recognition of CD38. Increased sensitivity achieved with VLRB MM3 tetramers also showed preferential recognition of germinal center centroblasts over centrocytes. VLRB MM3 tetramers thus provided a unique and versatile single-step staining reagent for the detection of human CD38 that is readily incorporated into multi-color flow cytometry panels.","journal":"Cells","year":2020,"id":85183,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":7,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9654,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":252137,"name":"Yanling Liu","orcid":"0000-0002-2027-6464","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":436958,"name":"Laura M. Ernst","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":436021,"name":"Leslie Y. T. Leung","orcid":"0000-0002-4883-582X","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":243695,"name":"Patrick Budylowski","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":436022,"name":"Shilan Dong","orcid":"0000-0003-0392-4316","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":436023,"name":"Paolo Campisi","orcid":"0000-0002-2750-8117","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":436024,"name":"Evan J. Propst","orcid":"0000-0002-8013-8530","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":436025,"name":"Nikolaus E. Wolter","orcid":"0000-0002-5196-6150","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":409918,"name":"Eyal Grunebaum","orcid":"0000-0002-2586-6391","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":226291,"name":"Mario Ostrowski","orcid":"0000-0002-7369-1936","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":436959,"name":"Götz R. A. Ehrhardt","orcid":null,"position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":436020,"name":"Srijit Khan","orcid":"0000-0002-2934-7687","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":36,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T21:56:02.794896Z","pmid":"32290546","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}