{"doi":"10.3390/cells14050375","title":"Few-Layer Graphene-Based Optical Nanobiosensors for the Early-Stage Detection of Ovarian Cancer Using Liquid Biopsy and an Active Learning Strategy","abstract":"Ovarian cancer survival depends strongly on the time of diagnosis. Detection at stage 1 must be the goal of liquid biopsies for ovarian cancer detection. We report the development and validation of graphene-based optical nanobiosensors (G-NBSs) that quantify the activities of a panel of proteases, which were selected to provide a crowd response that is specific for ovarian cancer. These G-NBSs consist of few-layer explosion graphene featuring a hydrophilic coating, which is linked to fluorescently labeled highly selective consensus sequences for the proteases of interest, as well as a fluorescent dye. The panel of G-NBSs showed statistically significant differences in protease activities when comparing localized (early-stage) ovarian cancer with both metastatic (late-stage) and healthy control groups. A hierarchical framework integrated with active learning (AL) as a prediction and analysis tool for early-stage detection of ovarian cancer was implemented, which obtained an overall accuracy score of 94.5%, with both a sensitivity and specificity of 0.94.","journal":"Cells","year":2025,"id":529761,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":7,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9554,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1315059,"name":"Deepesh Agarwal","orcid":"0000-0001-5874-043X","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":691068,"name":"Joan Lewis-Wambi","orcid":"0000-0002-6170-1463","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":584046,"name":"Raul Neri","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":356778,"name":"Andrea Jewell","orcid":"0000-0002-4752-6662","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1315062,"name":"Balasubramaniam Natarajan","orcid":"0000-0001-6429-9003","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":583624,"name":"Stefan H. Bossmann","orcid":"0000-0002-0058-0127","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1148554,"name":"Obdulia Covarrubias‐Zambrano","orcid":"0000-0002-9922-7971","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":68,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:51:01.235017Z","pmid":"40072103","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}