{"doi":"10.3390/cancers13040663","title":"Recent Advancements in the Mechanisms Underlying Resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade Immunotherapy","abstract":"<jats:p>Release of immunoreactive negative regulatory factors such as immune checkpoint limits antitumor responses. PD-L1 as a significant immunosuppressive factor has been involved in resistance to therapies such as chemotherapy and target therapy in various cancers. Via interacting with PD-1, PD-L1 can regulate other factors or lead to immune evasion of cancer cells. Besides, immune checkpoint blockade targeting PD-1/PD-L1 has promising therapeutic efficacy in the different tumors, but a significant percentage of patients cannot benefit from this therapy due to primary and acquired resistance during treatment. In this review, we described the utility of PD-L1 expression levels for predicting poor prognosis in some tumors and present evidence for a role of PD-L1 in resistance to therapies through PD-1/PD-L1 pathway and other correlating signaling pathways. Afterwards, we elaborate the key mechanisms underlying resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in cancer immunotherapy. Furthermore, promising combination of therapeutic strategies for patients resistant to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy or other therapies associated with PD-L1 expression was also summarized.</jats:p>","journal":"Cancers","year":2021,"id":592164,"datarank":2.566384329380499,"base_score":4.3694478524670215,"endowment":4.3694478524670215,"self_citation_contribution":0.6554171778700533,"citation_network_contribution":1.910967151510446,"self_endowment_contribution":0.6554171778700533,"citer_contribution":1.910967151510446,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":78,"citer_count":76,"citers_with_citation_signal":64,"citers_with_endowment":64,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1515245,"name":"Abdalla Adam","orcid":"0000-0003-1971-5009","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1498874,"name":"Chen Zhao","orcid":"0000-0001-9479-3483","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":648305,"name":"Honglei Chen","orcid":"0000-0001-9832-1336","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":876035,"name":"Yu Yuan","orcid":"0000-0002-4620-0249","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Recent Advancements in the Mechanisms Underlying Resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade Immunotherapy","abstract":null,"is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"openalex_id":null,"authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/4/663/pdf?version=1612693704","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doaj.org/article/4cd62c837f984fd0853920803698718d","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13040663","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7915065","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":[],"mesh_terms":[],"keywords":[],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-26T12:28:31.842049Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}