{"doi":"10.3390/cancers12030537","title":"Elevated Tumor Lactate and Efflux in High-grade Prostate Cancer demonstrated by Hyperpolarized 13C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Prostate Tissue Slice Cultures","abstract":"Non-invasive assessment of the biological aggressiveness of prostate cancer (PCa) is needed for men with localized disease. Hyperpolarized (HP) 13C magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy is a powerful approach to image metabolism, specifically the conversion of HP [1-13C]pyruvate to [1-13C]lactate, catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Significant increase in tumor lactate was measured in high-grade PCa relative to benign and low-grade cancer, suggesting that HP 13C MR could distinguish low-risk (Gleason score ≤3 + 4) from high-risk (Gleason score ≥4 + 3) PCa. To test this and the ability of HP 13C MR to detect these metabolic changes, we cultured prostate tissues in an MR-compatible bioreactor under continuous perfusion. 31P spectra demonstrated good viability and dynamic HP 13C-pyruvate MR demonstrated that high-grade PCa had significantly increased lactate efflux compared to low-grade PCa and benign prostate tissue. These metabolic differences are attributed to significantly increased LDHA expression and LDH activity, as well as significantly increased monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) expression in high- versus low- grade PCa. Moreover, lactate efflux, LDH activity, and MCT4 expression were not different between low-grade PCa and benign prostate tissues, indicating that these metabolic alterations are specific for high-grade disease. These distinctive metabolic alterations can be used to differentiate high-grade PCa from low-grade PCa and benign prostate tissues using clinically translatable HP [1-13C]pyruvate MR.","journal":"Cancers","year":2020,"id":100534,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":28,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.958,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":346628,"name":"Mark Van Criekinge","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":489439,"name":"Justin Delos Santos","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":422079,"name":"Fayyaz Ahamed","orcid":"0000-0002-3732-2404","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":488323,"name":"Hecong Qin","orcid":"0000-0003-2618-8366","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":260487,"name":"Rosalie Nolley","orcid":"0009-0004-7269-5443","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":489438,"name":"Romelyn Delos Santos","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":494638,"name":"Z. Laura Tabatabai","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":345505,"name":"Robert Bok","orcid":"0000-0003-1737-9056","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":236063,"name":"Kayvan R. Keshari","orcid":"0000-0002-5181-8035","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":345507,"name":"Daniel B. Vigneron","orcid":"0000-0001-5795-8699","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":260490,"name":"Donna M. Peehl","orcid":"0009-0003-8592-7242","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":460832,"name":"John Kurhanewicz","orcid":"0000-0002-3544-5339","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":465300,"name":"Renuka Sriram","orcid":"0000-0003-3505-2479","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":65,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T22:39:01.863288Z","pmid":"32110965","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}