{"doi":"10.3390/bios15040251","title":"White Light Spectroscopy Characteristics and Expansion Dynamic Behavior of Primary T-Cells: A Possibility of Online, Real-Time, and Sampling-Less CAR T-Cell Production Monitoring","abstract":"<jats:p>The production of advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMP) is a long and highly technical process, resulting in a high cost per dose, which reduces the number of eligible patients. There is a critical need for a closed and sample-free monitoring system to perform the numerous quality controls required. Current monitoring methods are not optimal, mainly because they require the system to be opened up for sampling and result in material losses. White light spectroscopy has emerged as a technique for sample-free control compatible with closed systems. We have recently proposed its use to monitor cultures of CEM-C1 cell lines. In this paper, we apply this method to T-cells isolated from healthy donor blood samples. The main differences between cell lines and human primary T-cells lie in the slightly different shape of their absorption spectra and in the dynamics of cell expansion. T-cells do not multiply exponentially, resulting in a non-constant generation time. Cell expansion is described by a power-law model, which allows for the definition of instantaneous generation times. A correlation between the linear asymptotic behavior of these generation times and the initial cell concentration leads to the hypothesis that this could be an early predictive marker of the final culture concentration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that such concepts have been proposed.</jats:p>","journal":"Biosensors","year":2025,"id":608664,"datarank":0.16479184330021646,"base_score":1.0986122886681096,"endowment":1.0986122886681096,"self_citation_contribution":0.16479184330021646,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.16479184330021646,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":2,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1563503,"name":"Maxime Brito","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1563504,"name":"Clémentine Gamonet","orcid":"0009-0006-4287-2968","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1563505,"name":"Alain Rouleau","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1563506,"name":"Annie Frelet-Barrand","orcid":"0000-0002-0849-9040","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1563502,"name":"Bruno Wacogne","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"White Light Spectroscopy Characteristics and Expansion Dynamic Behavior of Primary T-Cells: A Possibility of Online, Real-Time, and Sampling-Less CAR T-Cell Production Monitoring","abstract":"<jats:p>The production of advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMP) is a long and highly technical process, resulting in a high cost per dose, which reduces the number of eligible patients. There is a critical need for a closed and sample-free monitoring system to perform the numerous quality controls required. Current monitoring methods are not optimal, mainly because they require the system to be opened up for sampling and result in material losses. White light spectroscopy has emerged as a technique for sample-free control compatible with closed systems. We have recently proposed its use to monitor cultures of CEM-C1 cell lines. In this paper, we apply this method to T-cells isolated from healthy donor blood samples. The main differences between cell lines and human primary T-cells lie in the slightly different shape of their absorption spectra and in the dynamics of cell expansion. T-cells do not multiply exponentially, resulting in a non-constant generation time. Cell expansion is described by a power-law model, which allows for the definition of instantaneous generation times. A correlation between the linear asymptotic behavior of these generation times and the initial cell concentration leads to the hypothesis that this could be an early predictive marker of the final culture concentration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that such concepts have been proposed.</jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":1.0986122886681096,"endowment":1.0986122886681096,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"40277564","pmcid":"PMC12025026","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W4409509901","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"European Regional Development Fund of the Region Bourgogne Franche-Comté","grant_id":"DOS0060162/00","title":null},{"funder_name":"European Regional Development Fund of the Region Bourgogne Franche-Comté","grant_id":"BFC000802","title":null}],"total_grants":2,"fwci":0.8435,"citation_percentile":0.69678422,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2025,"count":2}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/15/4/251/pdf?version=1744729424","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/15/4/251/pdf?version=1744729424","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/15/4/251/pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15040251","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40277564","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://hal.science/hal-05221562","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://doaj.org/article/ad43225cb51b482da6704a9d761e0c86","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12025026","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://hal.science/hal-05221562v1/document","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12025026","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12025026?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"}],"fields_of_study":["Viral Infectious Diseases and Gene Expression in Insects","CAR-T cell therapy research","T-cell and B-cell Immunology","Humans","Spectrum Analysis","T-Lymphocytes","Light","Cell Proliferation","Biosensing Techniques"],"mesh_terms":["Humans","Light","Spectrum Analysis","T-Lymphocytes","Biosensing Techniques","Cell Proliferation"],"keywords":["Biological system","Spectroscopy","Sample (material)","Computer science","Process (computing)","Constant (computer programming)","Production (economics)","Sampling (signal processing)","Time constant","Absorption (acoustics)","Power (physics)","Chemistry","Optics","Biology","Physics","Engineering","Telecommunications","Electrical engineering","Chromatography","Quality control","Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product","Car T-cell","White Light Spectroscopy","Cell Concentration Monitoring"],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-30T19:58:49.881926Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}