{"doi":"10.3389/fruro.2023.1057723","title":"A multi-spark electrohydraulic shock wave generator with adjustable pressure field distribution and beam steering capability","abstract":"Background and objective: All clinical shock wave lithotripters produce an axisymmetric acoustic field without accounting for the anatomic features of the kidney or respiratory motion of the patient. This work presents a steerable and adjustable focusing electrohydraulic (SAFE) shock wave generator design with variable beam size and shape. Materials and Methods: 90 electrohydraulic transducers are mounted concentrically on a spherical basin with adjustable connection to individual transducers. Each transducer consists of 45 3D-printed titanium microelectrodes embedded in epoxy with a tip diameter of 0.3 mm. All the transducers are arranged in 5 concentric rings and sub-divided into 6 sectors. Results: By changing the connections of individual transducers, the focused pressure field produced by the transducer array can be either axisymmetric with a -6 dB focal width of 14.8 mm in diameter, or non-axisymmetric with a long axis of 22.7 mm and a short axis of 15.1 mm. The elongated beam produces a peak positive pressure of 33.7±4.1 MPa and comminution efficiency of 42.2±3.5%, compared to 36.2±0.7 MPa and 28.6±6.1% for axisymmetric beam after 150 pulses at 20 kV. Conclusions: We have demonstrated that the SAFE shock wave generator can produce an elongated non-axisymmetric pressure field with higher stone comminution efficiency. The SAFE shock wave generator may provide a flexible and versatile design to achieve accurate, stable, and safe lithotripsy for kidney stone treatment.","journal":"Frontiers in Urology","year":2023,"id":403718,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9614,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":542684,"name":"Zheng Fang","orcid":"0000-0003-4838-4042","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":417962,"name":"Juanjuan Gu","orcid":"0000-0003-0450-6386","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":673511,"name":"Yun Jing","orcid":"0000-0003-2960-5292","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":406614,"name":"Pei Zhong","orcid":"0000-0002-2368-6151","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":406612,"name":"Georgy Sankin","orcid":"0000-0003-2414-4554","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":24,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:20:36.280647Z","pmid":"39193495","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}