{"doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2022.779498","title":"Factors Associated With Experiences of Fear, Anxiety, Depression, and Changes in Sleep Pattern During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Adults in Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study","abstract":"Background Multiple facets of the pandemic can be a source of fear, depression, anxiety and can cause changes in sleep patterns. The aim of this study was to identify health profiles and the COVID-19 pandemic related factors associated with fear, depression, anxiety and changes in sleep pattern in adults in Nigeria. Methods The data for this analysis was extracted from a cross-sectional online survey that collected information about mental health and well-ness from a convenience sample of adults 18 years and above resident in Nigeria from July to December 2020. Study participants were asked to complete an anonymous, closed-ended online questionnaire that solicited information on sociodemographic profile, health profiles (high, moderate and low COVID-19 infection risk profile) including HIV status, COVID-19 status, and self-reported experiences of fear, anxiety, depression and changes in sleep patterns. Results In total, 4,439 participants with mean age of 38.3 (±11.6) years responded to the survey. Factors associated with higher odds of having COVID-19 related fear were health risk ( p < 0.05); living with HIV (AOR: 3.88; 95% CI: 3.22–4.69); having COVID-19 symptoms but not tested (AOR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.30–1.99); having a friend who tested positive to COVID-19 (AOR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.07–1.53) and knowing someone who died from COVID-19 (AOR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.24–1.65). The odds of feeling anxious was significantly higher for those with moderate or low health risk profile ( p < 0.05); living with HIV (AOR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.32–2.04); had a friend who tested positive for COVID-19 (AOR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.08–1.68) or knew someone who died from COVID-19 (AOR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.28–1.84). The odds of feeling depressed was significantly higher for those with health risk profile ( p < 0.05); living with HIV (AOR: 2.49; 95% CI: 1.89–3.28); and respondents who had COVID-19 symptoms but had not taken a test (AOR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.02–1.94). Factors associated with higher odds of having sleep pattern changes were having moderate and low health risk profiles ( p < 0.05). Conclusion The study findings suggest that the pandemic may cause fear, anxiety, depression and changes in sleep patterns differently for people with different health profile, HIV status and COVID-19 status.","journal":"Frontiers in Public Health","year":2022,"id":280093,"datarank":0.3958585994422889,"base_score":2.639057329615259,"endowment":2.639057329615259,"self_citation_contribution":0.3958585994422889,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.3958585994422889,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":13,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.5454,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":954141,"name":"Olanrewaju Ibıgbamı","orcid":"0000-0003-0234-4651","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":328437,"name":"Brandon Brown","orcid":"0000-0002-6348-4108","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":48365,"name":"Maha El Tantawi","orcid":"0000-0003-4989-6584","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":866403,"name":"Nourhan M. 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Nzimande","orcid":"0000-0003-1218-2166","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":951978,"name":"Bamidele Olubukola Popoola","orcid":"0000-0003-2037-9698","position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":866414,"name":"Mir Faeq Ali Quadri","orcid":"0000-0001-6349-6136","position":20,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":866415,"name":"Mark Roque","orcid":"0000-0003-3401-3152","position":21,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":838901,"name":"Ala’a B. Al‐Tammemi","orcid":"0000-0003-0862-0186","position":22,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":866417,"name":"Muhammad Abrar Yousaf","orcid":"0000-0001-8018-3895","position":23,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":866418,"name":"Jorma I. Virtanen","orcid":"0000-0001-6574-9942","position":24,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":866402,"name":"Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zúñiga","orcid":"0000-0002-2627-278X","position":25,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":36868,"name":"Nicaise Ndembi","orcid":"0000-0001-5131-3136","position":26,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":388629,"name":"John N. Nkengasong","orcid":"0000-0001-6047-0184","position":27,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":669418,"name":"Annie L. Nguyen","orcid":"0000-0002-1543-0383","position":28,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":48828,"name":"Morẹ́nikẹ́ Oluwátóyìn Foláyan","orcid":"0000-0002-9008-7730","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":62,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:28:59.341002Z","pmid":"35309187","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}