{"doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2021.755047","title":"Stochastic Dynamics of the COVID-19 Case-Fatality Ratios in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines: Economic Implications for the Post-COVID-19 Era","abstract":"<jats:p>This paper analyses the stochastic dynamics of the COVID-19 Case-Fatality Ratios (CFR) in three developing economies in East Asia: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. The sample covers the daily frequency data from April 28, 2020, to June 29, 2021. For this purpose, we utilize two unit root tests, which consider one structural break and two structural breaks. The findings reveal that the CFR follows a unit root process in Indonesia and the Philippines. However, the CFR is stationary in Malaysia. This evidence indicates that the COVID-19 has a permanent effect in Indonesia and the Philippines but temporary in Malaysia. The paper also discusses the potential economic implications of these results for the post-COVID-19 era in the related developing economies.</jats:p>","journal":"Frontiers in Public Health","year":2021,"id":674592,"datarank":0.31191623125197543,"base_score":2.0794415416798357,"endowment":2.0794415416798357,"self_citation_contribution":0.31191623125197543,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.31191623125197543,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":7,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1286076,"name":"Hua Zhang","orcid":"0000-0002-6789-9343","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":577254,"name":"Ren Zhang","orcid":"0000-0002-8437-3562","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":134170,"name":"Lili Zhu","orcid":"0009-0003-4119-5270","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1762549,"name":"Zili Shi","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Stochastic Dynamics of the COVID-19 Case-Fatality Ratios in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines: Economic Implications for the Post-COVID-19 Era","abstract":"<jats:p>This paper analyses the stochastic dynamics of the COVID-19 Case-Fatality Ratios (CFR) in three developing economies in East Asia: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. The sample covers the daily frequency data from April 28, 2020, to June 29, 2021. For this purpose, we utilize two unit root tests, which consider one structural break and two structural breaks. The findings reveal that the CFR follows a unit root process in Indonesia and the Philippines. However, the CFR is stationary in Malaysia. This evidence indicates that the COVID-19 has a permanent effect in Indonesia and the Philippines but temporary in Malaysia. The paper also discusses the potential economic implications of these results for the post-COVID-19 era in the related developing economies.</jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":2.0794415416798357,"endowment":2.0794415416798357,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"34650955","pmcid":"PMC8505761","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W3204638154","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":1.6306,"citation_percentile":0.88848693,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2022,"count":5},{"year":2023,"count":1},{"year":2024,"count":1}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2021.755047/pdf","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2021.755047/pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2021.755047/full","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.755047","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34650955","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8505761","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://doaj.org/article/170a40a06a0b4e26bdfe42e37605180a","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://repository.publisso.de/resource/frl:6438552","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8505761","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8505761?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"}],"fields_of_study":["COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts","Agricultural risk and resilience","COVID-19 epidemiological studies"],"mesh_terms":["COVID-19","SARS-CoV-2","Developing Countries","Humans","Indonesia","Malaysia","Philippines"],"keywords":["Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","Unit root","Case fatality rate","Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","Developing country","Unit (ring theory)","2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","Geography","East Asia","Development economics","Economic growth","Economics","China","Econometrics","Medicine","Outbreak","Environmental health","Virology","Population","Mathematics","Malaysia","Indonesia","The Philippines","Cfr","Covid-19 Pandemic","Case-Fatality Ratios"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-16T17:28:45.431235Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}