{"doi":"10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00220","title":"The Promise of Neuroimmune Targets for Treating Drug Addiction and Other Psychiatric Disorders: Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor Exemplification","abstract":"Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disease leading to allostatic alterations in the brain's reward, stress, and executive function systems (1). The etiology and pathophysiology of addiction are complex, with multiple genetic and environmental factors involved. Despite considerable progress in understanding the neurobiology of substance use disorders (SUDs), pharmacological treatments remain limited in number and efficacy. Directly targeting dysregulated neurotransmitter systems to treat SUDs can be problematic and may cause undesirable side effects. Thus, there is growing interest in investigating the role of peripheral/modulatory pathways (e.g., immune factors, hormones, gut microbiome) in addiction, with the ultimate goal of identifying novel therapeutic targets (2-4).","journal":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","year":2020,"id":109693,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":8,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9562,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":523501,"name":"Anthony L. Berger","orcid":"0000-0002-6921-7713","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":523502,"name":"Hollis C. Karoly","orcid":"0000-0002-1232-1202","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":523503,"name":"Lara S. Hwa","orcid":"0000-0002-5197-6201","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":262437,"name":"Florence P. Varodayan","orcid":"0009-0000-1644-9767","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":282229,"name":"Mehdi Farokhnia","orcid":"0000-0003-0902-4212","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":30,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:12:54.309019Z","pmid":"32256420","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}