{"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2024.1328470","title":"Effects of aerobic and resistance exercise for 9 months on serum free light chains in type 2 diabetes","abstract":"Background and aims: Serum polyclonal free light chains (FLCs) levels are associated with overall survival in the general population, reflecting their utility as a biomarker of underlying immune activation and inflammation. Regular exercise is known to ameliorate low-grade inflammation in chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes; however, the effects of different exercise training modalities on FLCs in adults with type 2 diabetes is unknown. This study investigated the effects of 9-month of aerobic, resistance or combined supervised exercise on serum FLCs in 164 patients with type 2 diabetes (age 58 ± 8 years; 63% female). Methods: 164 participants from the Health Benefits of Aerobic and Resistance Training in individuals with type 2 diabetes trial (HART-D) were randomly assigned to no exercise ( n = 27), aerobic exercise alone ( n = 41), resistance exercise alone ( n = 49), or a combination of aerobic and resistance exercise ( n = 47). Fasting serum samples were collected before and after completion of the intervention to quantify changes in kappa and lambda FLCs, and serum creatinine, using commercially-available ELISAs. Results: At baseline, combined kappa and lambda FLCs (FLC sum; calculated as kappa + lambda FLCs) were positively correlated with high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) ( r = 0.237, p < 0.05) and fat mass ( r = 0.162, p < 0.05), and negatively associated with aerobic fitness ( r = −0.238, p < 0.05). While non-exercise controls exhibited an increase in FLCs over the 9-month study, exercise training blunted this increase (Δ FLC sum control arm: 3.25 ± 5.07 mg∙L -1 vs. all exercise arms: -0.252 ± 6.60 mg∙L -1 , p < 0.05), regardless of exercise modality. Conclusion: Serum FLCs were associated with physical fitness and body composition in patients with type 2 diabetes. 9-month of exercise training prevented the accumulation of FLCs, regardless of exercise modality. Unlike hs-CRP—which did not change during the trial—serum FLCs may serve as a more sensitive biomarker of chronic low-grade inflammation in this population.","journal":"Frontiers in Physiology","year":2024,"id":479991,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.968,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":38272,"name":"John P. Campbell","orcid":"0000-0001-9989-6158","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":235349,"name":"Neil M. Johannsen","orcid":"0000-0003-4905-4491","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":463688,"name":"Timothy S. Church","orcid":"0000-0002-1039-0298","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":707518,"name":"Eunhan Cho","orcid":"0000-0002-5002-2932","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":542761,"name":"Jennifer Heaney","orcid":"0000-0002-2928-9712","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":456594,"name":"Guillaume Spielmann","orcid":"0000-0001-7024-0972","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1227104,"name":"Youyoung Kim","orcid":"0009-0005-8099-2445","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":54,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:06:58.305365Z","pmid":"38725572","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}