{"doi":"10.3389/fphar.2022.899181","title":"Broccoli Leaves Attenuate Influenza A Virus Infection by Interfering With Hemagglutinin and Inhibiting Viral Attachment","abstract":"<jats:p>Broccoli (<jats:italic>Brassica oleracea</jats:italic> L. var. <jats:italic>Italica</jats:italic>) leaves are a byproduct of broccoli and could be used as a food source. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of broccoli leaves on influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We investigated the effect of ethanol extract of Broccoli leaves (EBL) on IAV infection using green fluorescent protein (GFP)–tagged Influenza A/PR/8/34 virus (PR8-GFP IAV). When EBL and PR8-GFP IAV were cotreated to RAW 264.7 cells, the fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis showed that EBL significantly reduced the levels of GFP expression by influenza viral infection dose-dependently. Immunofluorescence (IF) analysis confirmed that EBL decreased the expression of IAV proteins. EBL exhibited a strong inhibitory effect of IAV binding on the cells and moderate virucidal impact. Consistently, EBL potently suppressed the hemagglutination by IAV infection. These results indicate that EBL prevents IAV attachment <jats:italic>via</jats:italic> the inhibition of HA upon viral infection. Finally, EBL as an HA inhibitor of IAV could be used as the natural antiviral source to protect against influenza viral infection.</jats:p>","journal":"Frontiers in Pharmacology","year":2022,"id":669918,"datarank":0.29188652235829704,"base_score":1.9459101490553132,"endowment":1.9459101490553132,"self_citation_contribution":0.29188652235829704,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.29188652235829704,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":6,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1749670,"name":"Nam-Hui Yim","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1749671,"name":"Myong-Min Lee","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1749672,"name":"Chang-Hoon Han","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1737626,"name":"Jin Yeul Ma","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1749669,"name":"Won-Kyung Cho","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Broccoli Leaves Attenuate Influenza A Virus Infection by Interfering With Hemagglutinin and Inhibiting Viral Attachment","abstract":"<jats:p>Broccoli (<jats:italic>Brassica oleracea</jats:italic> L. var. <jats:italic>Italica</jats:italic>) leaves are a byproduct of broccoli and could be used as a food source. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of broccoli leaves on influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We investigated the effect of ethanol extract of Broccoli leaves (EBL) on IAV infection using green fluorescent protein (GFP)–tagged Influenza A/PR/8/34 virus (PR8-GFP IAV). When EBL and PR8-GFP IAV were cotreated to RAW 264.7 cells, the fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis showed that EBL significantly reduced the levels of GFP expression by influenza viral infection dose-dependently. Immunofluorescence (IF) analysis confirmed that EBL decreased the expression of IAV proteins. EBL exhibited a strong inhibitory effect of IAV binding on the cells and moderate virucidal impact. Consistently, EBL potently suppressed the hemagglutination by IAV infection. These results indicate that EBL prevents IAV attachment <jats:italic>via</jats:italic> the inhibition of HA upon viral infection. Finally, EBL as an HA inhibitor of IAV could be used as the natural antiviral source to protect against influenza viral infection.</jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"openalex_id":null,"authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.899181/pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.899181/full","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9280179","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":[],"mesh_terms":[],"keywords":[],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-15T08:46:07.523531Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}