{"doi":"10.3389/fped.2022.868297","title":"Factors Associated With Hospitalization or Intensive Care Admission in Children With COVID-19 in Latin America","abstract":"Background: Limited data is available from low-middle and upper-middle income countries of the factors associated with hospitalization or admission to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) for children with COVID-19. Objective: To describe the factors associated with hospitalization or PICU admission of children with COVID-19 in Latin America. Method: Multicenter, analytical, retrospective study of children reported from 10 different Latin American countries to the Latin-American Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (SLIPE-COVID) research network from June 1, 2020, and February 28, 2021. Outpatient or hospitalized children <18 years of age with COVID-19 confirmed by polymerase chain reaction or antigen detection from the nasopharynx were included. Children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) were excluded. Associations were assessed using univariate and multivariable logistic regression models. Results: A total of 1063 children with COVID-19 were included; 500 (47%) hospitalized, with 419 (84%) to the pediatric wards and 81 (16%) to the ICU. In multivariable analyses, age <1 year (Odds Ratio [OR] 1.78; 95% CI 1.08-2.94), native race (OR 5.40; 95% CI 2.13-13.69) and having a co-morbid condition (OR 5.3; 95% CI 3.10-9.15), were associated with hospitalization. Children with metabolic or endocrine disorders (OR 4.22; 95% CI 1.76-10.11), immune deficiency (1.91; 95% CI 1.05-3.49), preterm birth (OR 2.52; 95% CI 1.41-4.49), anemia at presentation (OR 2.34; 95% CI 1.28-4.27), radiological peribronchial wall thickening (OR 2.59; 95% CI 1.15-5.84) and hypoxia, altered mental status, seizures, or shock were more likely to require PICU admission. The presence of pharyngitis (OR 0.34; 95% CI 0.25-0.48); myalgia (OR 0.47; 95% CI 0.28-0.79) or diarrhea (OR 0.38; 95% CI 0.21-0.67) were inversely associated with hospital admission. Conclusions: In this data analysis reported to the SLIPE research network in Latin America, infants, social inequalities, comorbidities, anemia, bronchial wall thickening and specific clinical findings on presentation were associated with higher rates of hospitalization or PICU admission. This evidence provides data for prioritization prevention and treatment strategies for children suffering from COVID-19.","journal":"Frontiers in Pediatrics","year":2022,"id":259714,"datarank":0.946439079263464,"base_score":2.833213344056216,"endowment":2.833213344056216,"self_citation_contribution":0.42498200160843247,"citation_network_contribution":0.5214570776550316,"self_endowment_contribution":0.42498200160843247,"citer_contribution":0.5214570776550316,"corpus_percentile":78.68801732807303,"corpus_rank":2756,"citation_count":16,"citer_count":14,"citers_with_citation_signal":10,"citers_with_endowment":10,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.5953,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":4.1667,"fair_percentile":4.891470498318557,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":912359,"name":"Germán Camacho‐Moreno","orcid":"0000-0003-0472-798X","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912360,"name":"Martín Brizuela","orcid":"0000-0003-2113-449X","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912361,"name":"Diana Dávalos","orcid":"0000-0002-5422-5905","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912362,"name":"Juan Pablo Torres","orcid":"0000-0002-3565-5467","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":618024,"name":"Rolando Ulloa‐Gutiérrez","orcid":"0000-0002-9157-9227","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912363,"name":"Pío López","orcid":"0000-0001-5230-6595","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912832,"name":"Roberto Debbag","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":298799,"name":"Paola Pérez","orcid":"0000-0002-1695-5763","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912364,"name":"Jaime Patiño","orcid":"0000-0003-1022-3606","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912365,"name":"Ximena Norero","orcid":"0000-0003-4583-6437","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912366,"name":"Cristina Mariño","orcid":"0000-0002-8747-5919","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912833,"name":"Miguel A. Luengas","orcid":null,"position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912367,"name":"Gabriela Ensinck","orcid":"0000-0002-4483-3405","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912368,"name":"Carlos Enrique Daza","orcid":"0000-0002-9521-9499","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912834,"name":"Kathia Luciani","orcid":null,"position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912835,"name":"Paola Quintana Kuhner","orcid":null,"position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912836,"name":"Mónica Rodríguez","orcid":null,"position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912837,"name":"Juan Pablo Rodríguez-Auad","orcid":null,"position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912838,"name":"Alejandra Estrada-Villarroel","orcid":null,"position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912839,"name":"Maylí Carnevale","orcid":null,"position":20,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912840,"name":"Orlando César Mantese","orcid":null,"position":21,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912841,"name":"Eitan N. Berezin","orcid":null,"position":22,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912842,"name":"José Iván Castillo","orcid":null,"position":23,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912843,"name":"Abiel Mascareñas","orcid":null,"position":24,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912844,"name":"Andrea Jimenez–Zambrano","orcid":null,"position":25,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912845,"name":"Lourdes Dueñas","orcid":null,"position":26,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912369,"name":"Mario Melgar","orcid":"0000-0003-0212-7710","position":27,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912846,"name":"Nancy Galvez","orcid":null,"position":28,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912370,"name":"Érika Cantor","orcid":"0000-0003-3320-6032","position":29,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":390251,"name":"Edwin J. Asturias","orcid":"0000-0002-1275-0787","position":30,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":91742,"name":"Eduardo López‐Medina","orcid":"0000-0003-3066-5938","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":41,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:25:58.993402Z","pmid":"35498776","pmcid":"PMC9048675","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":11.1111,"fair_a":6.25,"fair_i":0.0,"fair_r":16.6667,"fair_zscore":-1.1986,"fair_rationale":{"fair_score":4.17,"has_llm":true,"taxonomy_version":"fair_taxonomy_v5","dimensions":{"F":{"name":"Findable","score":11.11,"criteria":[{"key":"f_dataset_pid","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper provides no persistent identifier for the dataset; the data availability statement only offers to share via authors.","anchors":["RDA-F1-01D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a persistent identifier' (priorit","RDA-F1-02D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a globally unique identifier'","FsF-F1-02D — F-UJI/FAIRsFAIR: 'Data is assigned a persistent identifier'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_repository_named","label":"Named repository","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":"The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.","grounded":true,"rationale":"No repository is named; the data are held by the authors, not a formal repository.","anchors":["RDA-F4-01M — FAIR Data Maturity Model: metadata is offered so it can be harvested and indexed (","NIH DMS Policy Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — name the repository where data will be archived","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Long-Term Sustainability', 'Reten"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_data_availability_statement","label":"Data-availability statement","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The statement points to the authors (available on request), which is Colavizza category 1.","anchors":["Colavizza, Hrynaszkiewicz, Staden, Whitaker & McGillivray (2020), 'The citation advantage of li","Springer Nature research data policy — Data Availability Statements: standard statement templat","RDA-F3-01M — metadata clearly and explicitly includes the identifier of the data it describes"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"f_discovery_metadata","label":"Description of the dataset as an object","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The dataset is described only in running prose (e.g., 'A total of 1063 children with COVID-19 were included') with no itemised inventory of files or variables. 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[majority verdict 'no' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["FsF-A1-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata contains access level and access conditions of the data'","RDA-A1-01M — metadata contains information to enable the user to get access to the data","COAR Controlled Vocabularies — Access Rights v1.0 (open / embargoed / restricted / metadata-onl"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"a_controlled_access_for_sensitive","label":"Gatekeeper for sensitive data","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The data are sensitive (human subjects) and the gatekeeper is a natural person (the authors) with no institutional committee named.","anchors":["NIH Genomic Data Sharing Policy (NOT-OD-14-124) — controlled-access via a Data Access Committee","RDA-A1.2-01D — 'Data is accessible through an access protocol that supports authentication and ","NIH DMS Policy Element 5 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Access, Distribution, or Reuse Considerations (conse"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","label":"Availability timing & retention","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper does not state when the data become available or how long they persist; only that they will be made available by the authors.","anchors":["NIH DMS Plan Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Data Preservation, Access, and Associated Timelines","NSTC Desirable Characteristics (2022), Organizational Infrastructure: 'Retention Policy'","RDA-A2-01M — 'Metadata is guaranteed to remain available after data is no longer available'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"I":{"name":"Interoperable","score":0.0,"criteria":[{"key":"i_open_nonproprietary_format","label":"Open file format","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No file format is named for the released data; the paper only mentions REDCap as a data collection tool.","anchors":["FsF-R1.3-02D — F-UJI: 'Data is available in a file format recommended by the target research co","RDA-R1.3-02D — data is expressed in a machine-understandable community standard","RDA-I1-01D — data uses a knowledge representation expressed in a standardised format"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"i_community_standard_vocabulary","label":"Community standard / vocabulary","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper does not name a data or metadata community standard (e.g., MIAME, Dublin Core, an ontology); only clinical classifications like WHO definitions are used.","anchors":["RDA-R1.3-01M — 'Metadata complies with a community standard' (priority Essential)","RDA-R1.3-01D — 'Data complies with a community standard'","RDA-I2-01M — '(Meta)data use vocabularies that follow FAIR principles'"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"i_qualified_references","label":"Identifiers for the resources the data depend on","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper cites other studies but does not provide an identifier (e.g., accession, DOI, RRID) for any external resource used or referenced.","anchors":["RDA-I3-01M — '(meta)data include references to other (meta)data'","RDA-I3-03M — 'metadata includes qualified references to other metadata'","FsF-I3-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes links between the data and its related entities'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"R":{"name":"Reusable","score":16.67,"criteria":[{"key":"r_reuse_license","label":"Reuse licence","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The article is under CC BY, but the data are not licensed; the data availability statement does not mention a license.","anchors":["RDA-R1.1-01M — 'Metadata includes information about the licence under which the data can be reu","RDA-R1.1-02M — 'Metadata refers to a standard reuse licence'","RDA-R1.1-03M — 'Metadata refers to a machine-understandable reuse licence'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"r_provenance_methods","label":"Provenance of the data","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"Independent pediatricians collected and reported cases of COVID-19 using an online registry created by the SLIPE-COVID network that utilized a standardized data collection form developed in Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) hosted by the University of Colorado, Aurora, USA.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The methods are described in generic terms without naming specific instruments, kits, or software versions. 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'Reads were aligned' is not provenance; 'aligned with STAR v2.7.9a to GRCh38' is, because someone else can rerun it.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"Independent pediatricians collected and reported cases of COVID-19 using an online registry created by the SLIPE-COVID network that utilized a standardized data collection form developed in Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) hosted by the University of Colorado, Aurora, USA.","why":"The methods are described in generic terms without naming specific instruments, kits, or software versions. [majority verdict 'partial' (4/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"r_documentation_codebook","dimension":"R","label":"Documentation / codebook","action":"Ship a README and a data dictionary IN the deposit — every file, every variable, its units, its allowed values, its missing-value codes. It is the cheapest single thing that makes a dataset usable by someone who was not in the lab, and a table buried in the article does not travel with the data.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"Variable definitions are provided in the methods prose but not in a dedicated codebook, data dictionary, or table that accompanies the data.","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"a_controlled_access_for_sensitive","dimension":"A","label":"Gatekeeper for sensitive data","action":"Route sensitive data through an institutional gatekeeper — deposit in a controlled- access repository (dbGaP, EGA) with a Data Access Committee and a published DUA — rather than through the corresponding author's inbox. An author-gated dataset dies with the author's email address, and 'on reasonable request' has been shown repeatedly not to yield data. For sensitive/human clinical / human-subjects data, use a controlled-access repository such as dbGaP or EGA.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.","why":"The data are sensitive (human subjects) and the gatekeeper is a natural person (the authors) with no institutional committee named.","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false},{"key":"i_qualified_references","dimension":"I","label":"Identifiers for the resources the data depend on","action":"Cite by identifier every resource the data depend on — the source datasets' accessions, the reference build (GRCh38 / GCA_000001405.28), the cohort application number, the code DOI — and register those relations on the dataset record (IsDerivedFrom, IsSupplementTo). A name is not a link: it cannot be resolved, versioned, or followed by a machine.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The paper cites other studies but does not provide an identifier (e.g., accession, DOI, RRID) for any external resource used or referenced.","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","dimension":"A","label":"Availability timing & retention","action":"State when the data become available AND how long they will be retained — cite the repository's preservation policy. NIH DMS Element 4 asks for both; most papers give neither.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The paper does not state when the data become available or how long they persist; only that they will be made available by the authors.","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false}],"suggestions":["Mint or cite a persistent identifier for the dataset — a repository DOI or an accession from a registered repository — and print it in the paper. A bare URL is not persistent: it is the single most common cause of a dead data link five years after publication. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","Deposit the data in a repository registered in re3data/FAIRsharing (a domain repository such as GEO, SRA, dbGaP, PRIDE, or a generalist such as Zenodo, Dryad, Dataverse) and name it explicitly in the paper. A lab website is not an archive: it has no retention commitment and no accession. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","Remove the precondition or justify it. Release the data at publication with no embargo, no registration wall, and no approval step — NIH's zero-embargo public- access rule (NOT-OD-25-101) has already made 'available at publication' the federal baseline for the article; the data should not lag behind it. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","Attach a standard, machine-readable open licence to the deposit — CC0 or CC BY, which is what Horizon Europe and most funders expect — and print the licence identifier in the paper. 'Free to use' is not a licence: it grants nothing a reuser's institution can rely on.","Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit. Cite the clinical / human-subjects repository accession (e.g. from dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA)) in the reference list."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fulltext_source":"unpaywall_pdf"},"fair_model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","fair_agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fair_fulltext_source":"unpaywall_pdf","fair_has_llm":true,"fair_computed_at":"2026-07-20T12:02:11.082088Z","clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}